Fig. 1.

3D chromatin architecture and hallmarks of cancer. The 3D chromatin architecture mediates the induction and repression of genes through multiple levels, including the enhancer–promoter looping that is mediated by transcription factors and structural proteins of chromatin. Therefore, 3D chromatin architecture impacts the hallmarks of cancers: sustaining proliferative signalling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, activating invasion and metastasis, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, reprogramming of energy metabolism, creating the tumour microenvironment, inflammation, evading immune destruction, and genome instability due to mutations