Table 2.
Summary of the isolation and drug resistance profile of GNB in HAP/VAP
| Country | Study year | Participants, age group, pneumonia category | Specimen | GNB (%) in culture | Frequently isolated GNB (%) | Decreasing order of resistance, MDR (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | 2012 to 2014 | 87, all age, VAP | Tracheal aspirates | 88.3% | P. aeruginosa (38.3%), A. baumannii (15.6%), and K. pneumoniae (14.3%) |
P. aeruginosa: PEP > CAZ > CN, 73.1% A. baumannii: CXT > CTX > PEP, 83.3% K. pneumoniae: CXT > CTX > PEP, 72.2% |
[53] |
| Egypt | 2014 to 2015 | 153, all age, VAP | Tracheal aspirates | 87.1% | K. pneumoniae (36.9%), E. coli (21.04%), A. baumannii (14.95%), and P. aeruginosa (14.16%) |
K. pneumoniae: CRO > PEP > AZT > CIP/TE > SXT > TZP > CN > AK > IMP, 100% E. coli: CTR > AZT/PEP > TE > CIP > SXT > CN > TZP > AK > IMP, 98% A. baumannii: CAZ/CTR/PEP/IMP/LEV/MER/PIP > AK > SXT > CN, 100% P. aeruginosa: CAR/CRO > CAZ > SXT/PIP/CIP/CN > AK/C > IMP/TZP, 84.84% |
[54] |
| Bangladesh | 2015 to 2016 | 51, all age, VAP | Tracheal aspirates | 76.13% | A. baumannii (37.5%), K. pneumoniae (22.7%) and P. aeruginosa (13.6%) |
A. baumannii: CRO/CAZ/CTX > AZT/PEP > AK/CN/COT > CIP > IMP > PZP K. pneumoniae: CRO/CAZ/CTX/PEP > CPR > SXT > CN > AK P. aeruginosa: PEP/CTX/CRO > CN/SXT/IMP > CAZ/CIP |
[55] |
| Vietnam | 2017 to 2018 | 103, 32 to 94 years old, HAP | Sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage | 95.3% | A. baumannii (47.5%), K. pneumoniae (16.2%) and P. aeruginosa (12.1%) |
A. baumannii: APS/PEP/CTX/CAZ/CRO/MER/CIP/LEV > PZP > TLV > TOB, 100% K. pneumoniae: AMP > TOB/PEP/CAZ/SXT > TLV/CRO > AK/CN, 72.7% P. aeruginosa: CTX > CRO/TLV/CN > TOB/PEP/CIP > AK, 92.3% |
[56] |
| Tanzania | 2019 to 2020 | 269, adult, VAP | Bronchial aspirate | 80.1% | P. aeruginosa (24.7%),K. pneumoniae (19.8%), and E. coli (12.4%) |
P. aeruginosa: CAZ/CXM/AZT/CIP > CN, 73.9% K. pneumoniae: CRO > AMC > CIP > PIP, 76.4% E. coli: CN > CRO > CAZ, 70% |
[57] |
CAP community-acquired pneumonia, HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia, ESBL extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, AMP ampicillin, AMC amoxicillin/clavulanate, TOB tobramycin, TZP piperacillin/tazobactam, CRO ceftriaxone, AK amikacin, CXM cefuroxime, CTX cefotaxime, CIP ciprofloxacin, SXT trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, CL colistin, CN gentamicin, IMP imipenem, CAZ ceftazidime, TE tetracycline, C chloramphenicol, PEP cefepime, MER meropenem, MIN minocycline, APS ampicillin/sulbactam, TLV ticarcillin/clavulanate, LEV levofloxacin, AZT aztreonam, DO doxycycline