Fig. 4. (a) AAV vector-mediated expression of foreign gene in mouse brain (left). Immunostained cells for AAV-hαSyn-injected mice (right). Reproduced with permission from ref. 93. Copyright 2012, Yasuda, Nakata, and Mochizuki. (b) FTIR spectra, a: core of an LB, b: halo of an LB, and c: normal brain tissue (top). FTIR imaging of brain showing total amount of proteins (from left to right, bottom). The color bar indicates low (blue) to high (red) contents. The area in the visible image was scanned with 5 μm steps (16 × 8 pixels = 80 × 40 μm²). Scale bar, 10 μm. Reproduced with permission from ref. 91. Copyright 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited. (c) Secondary derivative infrared spectra of damaged and injured axons. Reproduced with permission from ref. 95. Copyright 2017, Zhang, Huang, Wang, and Dong. (d) TAI in the CC detected by b-APP staining following impact acceleration of TBI(top). A: No β-APP staining, B: β-APP-stained axons at 12 h, C: 24 h, D: 72 h (scale bar = 50 μm). Superimposition of all normalized FTIR spectra collected in the CC of rats at different post-injury groups (bottom). Reproduced with permission from ref. 94. Copyright 2015, John Wiley & Sons.