Table 2:

Characteristics of Retained Studies

Study: Author Year Country Risk of Bias	Participants: N Age Gender Race/ethnicity (Intervention; Control)	Study Design	Intervention: Education type Duration Interventionist Recipient of education	Insulin Delivery Method (Intervention; Control)
Christie et al54 2014 UK High	159; 168 13.1 ± 2.1; 13.2 ± 2.1 Female: 57.2%; 53.6% White British 83.7%; 76.8% Asian British 3.1%; 8.3%	Pragmatic, cluster	Manual-based four-module structured education program with psychological approaches vs. usual care 4 months Pediatric diabetes specialist nurse Patient, caregiver	Not reported
Christie et al55 2016 England High	159; 168 13.1 ± 2.1; 13.2 ± 2.1 Female 57.2%; 53.6% White 86.8%; 79.8% Black 3.1%; 3.6% Asian 3.1%; 8.3%	Pragmatic, cluster	Manual-based four-module structured education program vs. regular clinic visits 4 months Diabetes specialist, nurse Patient, caregiver	Not reported
Dinneen et al57,59 2009, 2013 Ireland High	216; 221 40.1 ± 12; 41.5 ± 11.4 Female 50%; 57.5% Not reported	Cluster	DAFNE course plus booster sessions vs. DAFNE course plus 2, one-to-one visits 12 months MD, nurse, or RD Patient	MDI or CSII
Ellis et al53,55 2019 US High	23 families; 24 families Patient: 13.46 ± 2.24; 15.02 ± 2.32 Family member: 40.01 ± 6.44; 43.31 ± 8.10 Female 96% White 17%, 17% Black 83%; 75%	Pragmatic	Structured modules DSME program vs. standard medical care 6 months Community Health Worker Patient, caregiver	Not reported
Fiallo-Scharer et al43 2019 US High	106 families; 108 families Patient: 8–12 yrs 44.4%, 13–16 yrs 44.3%; 55.6%, 55.7% Family member: 42.0 ± 5.8; 41.7 ± 6.6 Female 54.6%; 43.4% White 85.2%; 82.1%	Parallel arm clinical trial	Usual care plus group sessions (used results of PRISM surveys to determine type of self-management resource [motivation, understanding and organizing care, and family interactions]) vs. usual care 9 months 12 months (written in another place) Not reported Patient, caregiver	CSII or MDI
Guo et al60 2020 China Low	50; 52 Patient: 8–12 44%, 13–20 56%; 36%, 64% Female 60%; 52% Not reported	RCT	2-day camp and five monthly phone calls (Coping Skills Training) vs. reminders and encouragement to attend quarterly clinic visits for usual care Duration not clearly reported (5 months or 12 months) Nurses, research assistant Patient	Not reported
Ismail et al44 2008 UK High	Group 1: 117, Group 2: 106; 121 Group 1: 35.7, Group 2: 36.6; 36 Female Group 1: 65%, Group 2: 62.3%; 54.6% Group 1: White 75.2%, Group 2: 79.2%; 86% Group 1: Black 24.8%, Group 2: 20.8%; 14.1%	RCT (data collector/lab personnel blinded)	Group 1: Usual care with motivation interviewing Group 2: Usual care + MI + Cognitive Behavior Therapy vs. protocol of “minimum standards of diabetes care” based on national guidelines Group 1: 2 months, 4 sessions Group 2: 6 months, 12 sessions Diabetes nurse with training in MI and CBT Patient	MDI or CSII
Ismail et al61 2010 UK High	MET + CBT: 106 MET: 117; 121 MET + CBT: 37.2 ± 9.9 MET: 35.6 ± 9.6; 36.4 ± 11.3 Female MET + CBT: 62.3%, MET: 65%; 54.6% MET + CBT: White 79.3%, MET: 75.2%; 86%	Not reported	MET + CBT: motivational enhancement therapy plus cognitive behavioral therapy MET only: motivational enhancement therapy vs. usual care every three months 12 months (not clearly defined) Nurses trained and supervised by clinical psychologists Patient	Not reported
Kirwan et al62 2013 Australia High	36; 36 35.97 (10.67); 34.42 (10.26) Female 47.2%; 75% Not reported	RCT	Smart Phone App (Glucose buddy)-weekly text message with educator then usual care every 3 months vs. usual care every 3 months (from data extraction) 6 months – duration 9 months – 3 months STOP Certified Diabetes Educator Patient	CSII 38% MDI 62%
Mayer-Davis63 2018 US Low	129; 128 14.8(1.1); 14.9 (1.1) Female 45.4%; 53.9% White 78.1%; 76.9% Black 5.4%; 3.1% Hispanic 13.3.%; 12.3% Other 5.5%; 5.4%	RCT (assessment staff not blinded)	FLEX intervention vs. usual care 18 months Care coach (members of type 1 diabetes care team) trained in MI with guidance of psychologist Patient, caregiver	MDI 31.8%; 26.8% CSII 68.2%; 73.2%
Mitchell et al64 2018 Scotland Low	9; 9 12; 12 Female 70%; 50% Not reported	RCT (data blinded to interventionist)	4-week individualized, graduated physical activity program vs. waiting list 4 weeks Physical activity specialist Patient, caregiver	Not reported
Murphy et al65 2012 UK High	158; 147 13.1; 13.1 Female 53%; 51% White 93%; 91% Not specified 7%; 9%	RCT not blinded	FACTS plus traditional DSMES with family communications training vs. conventional care with 3-monthly outpatient clinic appointments Six, 90-minute sessions held monthly vs. four, 3-month outpatient clinic appointments Multidisciplinary team Adolescent and parent	Premixed 16%; 20% MDI 77%; 72% CSII 6%; 7%
Newton et al66 2013 US High	25; 25 14; 15 Female 80%; 52% White 92%; 100% Other 8%	RCT	Teen’s Talk website consisting of blogs, discussion forums, and chat room –topics facilitated discussion about a weekly topic. Allowed teens to discuss difficult psychological problems. Asynchronous. vs standard medical care with no participation in website 7 weeks Not specified Patient Moderator hosted session	MDI 44%; 36% CSII 56%; 64%
Noyes et al45 2020 UK Some concerns	190; 114 12.4; 12.7 Female 55%; 52% White 94%; 98% Other 6%; 2%	RCT not blinded; assessors blinded	Standardized but flexible self-management kit known as EPIC vs. usual care 6 months “Clinical team” Patient, caregiver	MDI 88%; 84% CSII 12%; 16%
Price et al56 2016 UK High	13.71; 13.92 Female 53.8%; 56.8% White 90.5%; 93.4% Other 9.5%; 6.6%	RCT not blinded	KICK-OFF five-day group intervention focusing on CHO counting and insulin adjustment and acute and chronic complications and scenario based vs. usual education from home care team Five sessions over five straight days Team of nurse and dietitian from program Patient, caregiver	MDI
Pyatak et al58 2018 US High	31; 30 23.3 ± 3.6; 21.9 ± 3.3 Female 54%; 72% White 7%; 12% Black 7%; 12% Hispanic 85%; 70%	RCT	Flexibility delivered Seven content modules vs. initial home visit by Healthcare staff providing National Diabetes Education handouts and MyPlate.gov and 11 follow up phone calls 6 months Two licensed occupational therapists with training in motivational interviewing and diabetes self-management education Patient	Not reported by type Fixed regimen 38% MDI 43% CSII 11%
Sanchez-Hernandez et al67 2018 Canary Islands/Spain High	48; 32 33; 36 Female 48.7%; 50% Not reported	RCT parallel (not blinded)	5-day group education intervention with DSMES (ANAIS program – does not spell out) vs. routine care (control participants allowed to access program after 12 months outcomes not reported) 12 months 2 nurses and physician Patient	Not reported
Trento et al68 2011 Italy Some concerns	27; 29 37.76 ± 12.6; 36.76 ± 7.9 Female 33.3%; 41.4% Not reported	RCT not blinded	8-session carbohydrate counting program with usual care by Group Care (session of group education substituted for routine visits – established program x several years) vs. Group Care only 8 sessions every 3 to 4 months Physician, Psychopedagogist, Dietitian, Nurse Patient	MDI
Weinger et al69 2011 US High	37; 37 (attention) 36 (individual) 46.6 Female 56.4% White 95.5%	RCT	Structural Behavioral Group: consisted of five, 2-hour sessions of highly structured behavior based activities and information do care on dietary exercise, medication and goal 6 weeks Experienced diabetes nurses and dietitians who were certified diabetes educators Patient	Not reported

Abbreviations: CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; CDE, certified diabetes educator; CGM = continuous glucose monitoring

CSII = continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (insulin pump)

DAFNE = dose adjustment for normal eating

EPIC = evidence into practice – information counts

FACTS = families, adolescents and children teamwork study

FLEX = Flexible Lifestyle Empowering Changes

KICK-OFF = Kids in Control of Food

MDI = multiple daily injections

MET = motivational enhancement therapy

MI = motivational interviewing

PRISM = Problem Recognition in Illness Self-Management

RCT = randomized controlled trial

US = United States

UK = United Kingdom