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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2022 Mar 25;15(4):e010435. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.121.010435

Table 1.

Selected Studies Relating Abnormal P Wave Parameters to Risk of Ischemic Stroke

Author, Year P wave Indices Outcome Atrial Fibrillation Adjusted Effect Estimates
Soliman, 200956 PTFV1
P wave area
P wave duration		 Incident ischemic stroke Not excluded not adjusted PTFV1: HR per 1-SD increase, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.14–1.31.
P wave area: HR per 1-SD increase, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.05–1.23.
No association with P wave duration.
Kamel, 201465 PTFV1
P wave area
P wave duration		 Incident ischemic stroke Excluded and adjusted PTFV1: HR per 1-SD increase, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.02–1.44.
No associations with P wave area and P wave duration
Kamel, 201563 PTFV1
P wave area
P wave duration		 Prevalent and incident brain infarcts on MRI Excluded and adjusted PTFV1: Associated with prevalent brain infarcts (RR per SD, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04–1.16) but not with incident brain infarcts.
No associations with P wave area and P wave duration.
Kamel, 201564 PTFV1 Incident ischemic stroke subtypes Adjusted Associated with incident non-lacunar stroke (HR, 1.49; 95% CI: 1.07–2.07) but not with lacunar stroke.
Nielsen, 201560 P wave duration Incident ischemic stroke Adjusted Associated with incident ischemic stroke
P wave duration >130 ms: HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.02–1.23.
O’Neal 201613 Advanced IAB Incident ischemic stroke Adjusted HR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.13–2.34.
Maheshwari, 201721 P wave axis Incident ischemic stroke subtypes Adjusted Ischemic stroke: HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.22–1.85.
Cardioembolic stroke: HR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.42–2.95.
Thrombotic stroke: HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.03–1.71.
Maheshwari, 201966 PTFV1
P wave axis
P wave duration
Advanced IAB		 Incident ischemic stroke Included P wave axis: HR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.36–2.61.
Advanced IAB: HR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.78–4.81.
No associations with PTFV1 and P wave duration.
Only P wave axis resulted in significant improvement in C-statistic and improvement in risk classification of ischemic stroke compared with CHA2DS2-VASc.
García-Talavera 201967 Advanced IAB Recurrent ischemic stroke Prevalent AF excluded Advanced IAB: HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0–5.5.
Martínez-Sellés 202054 Advanced IAB Incident ischemic stroke Prevalent AF excluded Advanced IAB: HR, 4.89; 95% CI, 1.71–14.05.