Table 1. Ethogram of behaviors used to construct behavioral budgets for coyotes.

Observers coded behavior based on the behavior and descriptions. Behaviors were then condensed into five broad categories for analysis to reduce the number of behaviors and potential for interobserver error. Modified from Shivik et al. (2009).

Behavior	Description	Broad category
Resting	Coyote laying or sitting down	Resting
Locomotion	Purposeful walking, trotting, or running with head up	Active
Standing	Standing still with head raised	NA
Foraging	Orientating, stalking, and searching at a slow pace with head lowered	Feeding
Eating	Coyote eating with visible jaw movement	Feeding
Aggressive	Teeth bared, biting, growling, chasing mate away from food.	Social
Play	Playful behavior with mate, tail wagging, non-threatening posture	Social
Neutral Social	Howling and other behaviors directed at mate that are neither aggressive, nor playful	Social
Stereotyping	Repetitive movement with no apparent goal that is repeated for greater than 2 cycles.	Active
Investigating car*	Head and gaze oriented towards prey model from a distance while standing or walking slowly.	Feeding/Car
Interacting with car*	Behaviors directed towards prey model such as chasing, pouncing, scratching, or biting.	Feeding/Car
Scent marking	Urinating or defecating –point event	NA

Notes.

^*These behaviors were only relevant during car feeding observations.