Table 2.
Summary of findings for the association between TB and chronic pulmonary diseases
| Cohort study | CAD | TB patients/participants with CAD, n/n (%) | TB patients/participants without CAD, n/n (%) | Adjusted estimate | Variables adjusted for |
| Inghammar et al., 20105 | COPD | 201/115 867 (0.17) | 90/115 867 (0.08) | HR 3.14 (95% CI 2.42 to 4.08) | Socio-economic status, comorbidity and immigration status, dichotomised by birth in Sweden (yes/no) and inpatient care |
| Lee et al., 20136 | COPD | 674/23 594 (2.9) | 554/47 188 (1.2) | HR 2.47 (95% CI 2.21 to 2.76) | Age, sex, DM, end-stage renal disease, liver cirrhosis |
| Park et al., 201918 | COPD | NA/87 427 | NA/321 446 | HR 1.44 (95% CI 1.30 to 1.59) | Age, sex, smoking, low income (yes or no), CKD stage, BMI, previous use of immunosuppressants, DM |
| Ruzangi et al., 202022 | COPD | NA/32 283 | NA/444 929 | Crude IRR 4.07 (95% CI 2.95 to 5.61) | None adjusted |
| Asthma | NA/57 984 | NA/419 228 | Crude IRR 2.71 (95% CI 2.04 to 3.59) | ||
| Yii et al., 201911 | Asthma | 15/2173 (0.7) | 663/47 589 (1.4) | HR 0.54 (95% CI 0.32 to 0.90) | Age, sex, dialect group, level of education |
| Chronic bronchitis | 46/2326 (2.0) | 632/47 436 (1.3) | HR 0.95 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.31) | ||
| Case–control study | CAD | CAD/no TB, n/n (%) | Non-CAD/control, n/n (%) | OR | Variables adjusted for |
| Bhat et al., 201720 | Asthma | 68/267 (25.5) | 120/1335 (8.9) | 2.5 (95% CI 1.8 to 3.7) | Age, sex, occupation, annual family income, BMI, blood sugar, tobacco, alcohol consumption |
| Jick et al., 200619 | Asthma | 90/497 (18.1) | 185/1966 (9.4) | 1.4 (95% CI 1.0 to 2.0) | Glucocorticoid use, smoking, BMI, DM, pulmonary diseases and use of anti-rheumatic or immunosuppressive agents |
| Chronic bronchitis | 77/497 (15.5) | 154/1966 (7.8) | 2.0 (95% CI1.4 to 2.9) | ||
| Emphysema | 20/497 (4.0) | 13/1966 (0.7) | 3.2 (95% CI 1.3 to 7.6) | ||
| Lienhardt et al., 200512 | Asthma | 5/688 (0.7) | 16/688 (2.3) | 0.28 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.84) | Sex, HIV, smoking, marital status, family history of TB, number of adults in household, ownership of the house |
| Wu et al., 200721 | Bronchiectasis | 5/264 | 8/438 | 1.3 (95% CI 0.40 to 4.2) | Age, gender, pneumoconiosis, liver cirrhosis, DM, haemodialysis, lung cancer |
BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; NA: not available.