Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Apr 21;13:723923. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.723923

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2022 Edwards, Leete, Smith, Quick, Modica, Wassermann, Polejaeva, Dell, LoPresti, Walker, O'Brien, Lai, Qu, Devoto, Carr, Stone, Ahlers and Gill.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Neuronal-derived EV cytokines propagate a pro-inflammatory environment in the brain. (A,B) EVs derived from neurons contain elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 in experienced breachers when compared to unexposed controls. In addition, (C) anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 is decreased in this population. (D) The ratio of pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-6/IL-10 is higher in experienced breachers. Significant p-values are represented as: **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.