Table 2.

Phenotypes of plants with altered expression of WHIRLY genes, oe, overexpression, RNAi, RNA inference.

Species	Genetic modification	Development	Stress resistance	References
Arabidopsis thaliana	why1 T-DNA mutant	Accelerated senescence		Miao et al., 2013
Arabidopsis thaliana	why1 tilwhy3	Leaf variegation		Maréchal et al., 2009
Arabidopsis thaliana	tilwhy1 mutants		Reduced resistance to Peronospora parasitica	Desveaux et al., 2004
Arabidopsis thaliana	oeWHIRLY1	No phenotype	Hypersensitive to ABA	Isemer et al., 2012a
Arabidopsis thaliana	oeWHIRLY2	Accelerated senescence, reduced pollen growth		Maréchal et al., 2008; Cai et al., 2015
Arabidopsis thaliana	why2 T-DNA mutant	Reduced germination		Golin et al., 2020
Hordeum vulgare	RNAi WHIRLY1 knockdown	Delay of chloroplast development and senescence	Reduced resistance to high light, enhanced drought resistance, reduced resistance toward powdery mildew (Hensel et al., unpublished)	Janack et al., 2016; Kucharewicz et al., 2017; Swida-Barteczka et al., 2018; Krupinska et al., 2019
Hordeum vulgare	oeWHIRLY1	Delay of senescence	Enhanced resistance toward powdery mildew	Krupinska, unpublished
Manihot esculenta	oeWHIRLY1-3		Enhanced resistance toward cassava bacterial blight	Liu et al., 2018
Manihot esculenta	Virus-induced silencing of WHIRLY1-3		Higher sensitivity toward cassava bacterial blight	Liu et al., 2018
Manihot esculenta	Silencing of WHIRLY1 expression		Reduced drought resistance	Yan et al., 2020
Nicotiana tabacum	oeSlWHIRLY2		Enhanced resistance toward drought and Pseudomonas solanacearum	Zhao et al., 2018
Solanum lycopersicum	oeSlWHIRLY1		Enhanced chilling tolerance by upregulated expression of RBCS1	Zhuang et al., 2019, 2020b
Solanum lycopersicum	oeSlWHIRLY1		Enhanced thermotolerance by regulation of HSP21.5A expression	Zhuang et al., 2020a
Solanum lycopersicum	RNAi SlWHIRLY1		Reduced thermotolerance	Zhuang et al., 2020a
Solanum lycopersicum	RNAi SlWHIRLY1		Enhanced chilling sensitivity	Zhuang et al., 2019
Solanum lycopersicum	RNAi SlWHIRLY2		Reduced drought resistance	Meng et al., 2020
Zea mays	why1 Transposon mutant	Inhibition of chloroplast development		Prikryl et al., 2008