Table 2.

Treatment effects on substance use and expenditures

	Maternal Substance Use Behavior				Family Substance Expenditure/Purchase per Week
	Alcohol and Cigarette Use Index	Alcohol Use	Cigarette Use	Opioid Use	Alcohol and Cigarette (dollars)	Alcohol (dollars)	Cigarettes (dollars)	Cigarettes (N packs)
A. Pre-pandemic Sample
Low-cash gift group mean (standard deviation)	1.112 (1.597)	0.475 (0.649)	0.635 (1.331)	0.076 (0.467)	12.435 (26.401)	3.412 (9.267)	8.976 (22.958)	1.288 (3.328)
Cash-gift treatment effect (standard error)	0.057 (0.118)	0.031 (0.055)	0.028 (0.096)	-0.031 (0.025)	0.050 (2.105)	1.174 (0.914)	-1.123 (1.737)	-0.144 (0.251)
Effect size	0.036	0.047	0.021	-0.067	0.002	0.127	-0.049	-0.043
p-value, unadjusted	0.628	0.580	0.769	0.211	0.981	0.199	0.518	0.566
p-value, adjusted	0.826	0.826	0.826	0.552	0.980	0.395	0.69	0.713
N	597	597	598	597	593	595	595	595
B. Full Sample
Low-cash gift group mean (standard deviation)					9.997 (22.542)	3.432 (9.297)	6.582 (19.224)	0.925 (2.632)
Cash-gift treatment effect (standard error)					0.394 (1.493)	0.668 (0.705)	-0.296 (1.204)	-0.039 (0.160)
Effect size					0.017	0.072	-0.015	-0.015
p-value, unadjusted					0.792	0.344	0.806	0.809
p-value, adjusted					0.957	0.631	0.957	0.957
N					920	922	927	927
Preregistered hypothesis	YES	NO	NO	NO	NO	NO	NO	NO

Notes: Alcohol use, cigarette use, and opioid use are maternal self-report measures scored on a 0–4 point frequency ordinal scale (0: never in last year; 1: less than 1 time per month; 2: several times per month; 3: several times per week; 4: everyday). The Alcohol and Cigarette Use Index is a preregistered additive index of alcohol use and cigarette use, which ranges from 0–8. Adjusted p-values are Westfall and Young adjustments for multiple hypothesis testing. For the adjustment, substance use measures are placed into one family and expenditure measures are placed into one family. Effect size is the treatment effect divided by the standard deviation of low-cash gift group. + p < 0.10; * p < 0.05