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. 2021 Jun 19;37(2):143–154. doi: 10.1093/mutage/geab023

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Scheme showing the origin and application of organoid systems. Organoids can be derived from human and animal (e.g. mouse) pluripotent or adult stem cells. Normal and diseased organoids can be used for many applications such as disease modelling, organ development, drug screening, personalised medicine, toxicology and organ transplant and replacement.