TABLE 1.
Description of PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study design) criteria for the research question, “What is the relationship between dietary patterns and risk of sarcopenia?”
| Parameter | Eligibility criteria |
|---|---|
| Population | Human subjects ≥19 y at time of outcome who were healthy and/or at risk for chronic disease, not pregnant or lactating, living in countries ranked as high or higher human development1 |
| Study populations composed of a mixed population of healthy, at risk, and diseased subjects, but not exclusively diagnosed with a disease or with low skeletal muscle mass, low muscle strength, low muscle performance, or sarcopenia were included | |
| Intervention | Consumption of and/or adherence to a dietary pattern (measured as an index/score; factor or cluster analysis; reduced rank regression; having at least 1 macronutrient outside the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR);2 or description of dietary pattern, including at a minimum, the foods and beverages included in pattern)3 |
| Comparison | Consumption of and/or adherence to a different dietary pattern, varying levels of adherence to a dietary pattern, or different macronutrient proportions |
| Outcome | Intermediate markers of sarcopenia risk (i.e., skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, muscle performance) and/or risk of sarcopenia or severe sarcopenia4 |
| Study design | Peer-reviewed controlled trials or observational trials (prospective cohort studies, retrospective cohort studies, nested case-control studies and case-control) published in English |
Human development classification based on Human Development Index rank from the year the study intervention occurred, or data were collected. Available from http://hdr.undp.org/en/data. Rank higher than 110 indicative of medium or lower Human Development Index.
Outside AMDR: <45% or >65% of energy from carbohydrate, <20% or >35% of energy from fat, or <10% or >35% of energy from protein.
Interventions for weight loss or examining dietary supplements or single foods as a macronutrient source (i.e., nuts) were not included.
For detailed description of eligible outcome measures, see Supplemental Table 2.