Table 1. Selected socio-economic characteristics, water and sanitation, of the study sample compared with the national and regional population.

Characteristics	PFP in current study %	VMD population % α	Vietnamese population %α
Ethnicity
Kinh (majority ethnic group)	80.0	92.0	86.0 a
Khmer	20.0	6.4	1.5 a
Others (Muong, Hoa, Cham,     H’mong…)	0.0	1.6	12.5 a
Sex
Male	18.5	49.0 b	49.0
Female	81.5	51.0 b	51.0
Marital status
Never married	5.1	NA	24.6
Married	82.6	NA	65.8
Divorced/widowed/separated	12.3	NA	9.6
Educational level
Never gone to school	13.2	6.3	5.2
Primary school (grades 1 to 5)	42.2	31.2	31.9
Secondary school (grades 6 to 9)	29.7	19.7	28.3
High school and above	14.9	19.4	34.6
Main drinking water sources
Piped water	22.1	44.4	43.4
Well water	4.0	23.7	36.2
Rainwater	26.1	19.1	9.4
Purchased water	32.8	0.1c	0.2 c
River/canal water	15.0	NA	NA
Filtered spring water	0.0	0.2	4.7
Other	0.0	12.2	5.8
Sanitation facilities
Improved toilets	72.6	77.6 d	92.0 d
Hanging toilets	20.1	20.9	4.2
Other	7.3	1.5	3.8
Average monthly household income (VND’000)	3,004	3,585	3,873
Average monthly food expenditure (VND’000)	2,200	995 e	1,118 e
Average household size (persons)	4.0	3.6	3.7

^α Most data were extracted from the 2018 Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey. Data were from other sources are indicated as indicated below.

a: Data were sourced from https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/vietnam-population/ (Accessed on 23 June 2020).

b: Source: Cosslett, T. L., & Cosslett, P. D. (2014). Water Resources and Food Security in the Vietnam Mekong Delta (Vol. 44): Springer International Publishing.

c: Purchased water is bottled water of unknown quality purchased for drinking and cooking purposes.

d: Flush toilet with septic tank, sewage pipes and double vault compost latrines.

e: Eating, drinking & smoking.

NA = Not available.