Table 1.
Baseline characteristics (mean [SD] or percentage) in 1005 Jackson Heart participants without obesity and type 2 diabetes at baseline, by visceral fat quartile
| Characteristic at baseline (visit 2) | Visceral Fat Quartile* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | P value for trend | |
| N** | 251 | 251 | 252 | 251 | |
| Visceral fat, cm3 | 329.7 | 541.4 | 731.6 | 1089.2 | |
| Age, years | 51.6 (11.4) | 54.8 (11.2) | 54.8 (10.8) | 59.1 (10.3) | <0.01 |
| Sex, % female | 67.7% | 58.6% | 55.6% | 37.5% | <0.01 |
| Education, % high school graduate | 91.6% | 89.2% | 88.5% | 80.1% | <0.01 |
| Income, % >lower-middle | 86.5% | 94.0% | 91.7% | 88.8% | 0.03 |
| Smoker, % current) | 16.3% | 8.4% | 13.9% | 13.5% | 0.06 |
| Weight, kg | 70.0 (10.5) | 76.0 (10.7) | 77.9 (10.1) | 82.7 (10.2) | <0.01 |
| Height, cm | 167.8 (9.0) | 170.0 (9.4) | 170.3 (9.3) | 173.9 (9.4) | <0.01 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | <0.01 | ||||
| Normal weight | 52.0% | 20.2% | 13.6% | 8.4% | |
| Overweight | 48.0% | 79.8% | 86.4% | 91.6% | |
| Subcutaneous fat, cm3 | 1374 (651.6) | 1682 (565.8) | 1729 (581.8) | 1732 (525.7) | <0.01 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.9 (3.4) | 3.0 (1.4) | 3.2 (1.6) | <0.01 |
| CRP, mg/L | 0.3 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.5) | <0.01 |
| Physical activity | 0.53 | ||||
| Poor | 41.0% | 35.5% | 38.1% | 43.4% | |
| Intermediate | 33.5% | 39.8% | 35.3% | 31.9% | |
| Ideal | 25.5% | 24.7% | 26.6% | 24.7% | |
| MetS criteria at baseline (visit 2) | |||||
| Fasting glucose, % ≥100 mg/dL or glucose-lowering treatment) | 13.6% | 21.4% | 37.3% | 44.4% | <0.01 |
| Blood pressure, % ≥130 mmHg systolic and/or ≥85 mmHg diastolic or antihypertensive treatment | 62.9% | 64.5% | 69.8% | 80.5% | <0.01 |
| HDL, % <50 mg/dL in women or <40 mg/dL in men, or treatment | 9.0% | 14.6% | 29.9% | 26.9% | <0.01 |
| Triglycerides, % ≥150 mg/dL or triglyceride-lowering treatment | 2.8% | 9.9% | 15.5% | 22.2% | <0.01 |
| Waist circumference (% ≥88 cm in women or ≥102 cm in men) |
17.9% | 23.1% | 27.4% | 40.6% | <0.01 |
| Weight and MetS criteria at follow-up (visit 3) | |||||
| Weight, kg | 70.2 (11.8) | 77.3 (11.5) | 79.9 (11.7) | 78.2 (12.8) | <0.01 |
| Fasting glucose, % ≥100 mg/dL or glucose-lowering treatment | 18.0% | 21.9% | 42.1% | 44.9% | <0.01 |
| Blood pressure, % ≥130 mmHg systolic and/or ≥ 85 mmHg diastolic or antihypertensive treatment | 69.3% | 73.2% | 77.7% | 83.8% | <0.01 |
| HDL, % <50 mg/dL in women or <40 mg/dL in men, or treatment | 4.9% | 10.0% | 18.3% | 23.3% | <0.01 |
| Triglycerides, % ≥150 mg/dL or triglyceride-lowering treatment | 5.8% | 9.0% | 10.5% | 20.7% | <0.01 |
| Waist circumference, % ≥88 cm in women or ≥102 cm in men | 22.5% | 38.7% | 47.6% | 56.2% | <0.01 |
| Metabolic syndrome, % | 4.8% | 9.2% | 21.6% | 23.8% | < 0.01 |
| Type 2 diabetes, % | 4.8% | 6.4% | 12.7% | 13.9% | < 0.01 |
*Visceral fat quartiles: Quartile 1 < 461.034; 461.034 ≤ Quartile 2 ≤ 627.875; 627.875 ≤ Quartile 3 ≤ 849.101; 849.101 ≤ Quartile 4.
**Sample size is for those participants without type 2 diabetes at baseline, and therefore includes 78 participants with prevalent metabolic syndrome. Those participants were further excluded for the analysis of metabolic syndrome.