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. 2022 Feb 4;152(5):1228–1238. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxac026

TABLE 1.

Estimates from linear mixed models, results from planned contrast analyses, and effect sizes in response to intragastric administration of solutions containing 25 g D-allulose, 25 g D-allulose + 450 ppm lactisole, 50 g erythritol, 50 g erythritol + 450 ppm lactisole, tap water, and tap water + 450 ppm lactisole to 18 healthy adults1

Test solutions P values
Characteristic D-allulose vs. tap water D-allulose vs. D-allulose + lactisole Erythritol vs. tap water Erythritol vs. erythritol + lactisole Main effect of test solution Test solution-by-time interaction
CCK, pmol/L 0.77 ± 0.12 –0.29 ± 0.16 1.58 ± 0.19 0.03 ± 0.23 <0.0001 <0.0001
 P Holm <0.0001 0.1703 <0.0001 0.8800
 dz 1.48 1.94
GLP-1, pmol/L 4.08 ± 0.76 0.55 ± 1.09 7.41 ± 0.96 2.40 ± 1.34 <0.0001 0.0203
 P Holm <0.0001 0.6136 <0.0001 0.1594
 dz 1.27 1.83
PYY, pg/mL 64.4 ± 6.15 9.48 ± 6.35 104 ± 9.21 13.5 ± 8.68 <0.0001 <0.0001
 P Holm <0.0001 0.2502 <0.0001 0.2502
 dz 2.47 2.67
Gastric emptying, dose/h(%13C) 0.10 ± 0.16 –0.22 ± 0.28 –0.37 ± 0.08 0.08 ± 0.17 0.0003 <0.0001
 P Holm 1 1 0.0002 1
 dz –1.05
Hunger, cm –0.14 ± 0.24 0.56 ± 0.31 –0.49 ± 0.25 0.16 ± 0.28 0.2020 0.0400
 P Holm 0.2283 1 0.2283 1
Pfc, cm 0.06 ± 0.21 0.39 ± 0.32 –0.61 ± 0.24 –0.08 ± 0.27 0.0615 0.1784
 P Holm 0.6811 1 0.0442 1
 dz –0.62
Satiety, cm –0.23 ± 0.26 0.18 ± 0.27 0.47 ± 0.29 0.41 ± 0.36 0.1206 0.1521
 P Holm 0.7695 0.7695 0.4533 0.7695
Fullness, cm –0.18 ± 0.22 0.16 ± 0.33 0.71 ± 0.24 0.62 ± 0.33 0.0011 0.3473
 P Holm 0.8714 0.8714 0.0190 0.2071
 dz 0.69
1

N = 18 (5 men, 13 women). Estimates are expressed as mean ± SE and represent the changes from baseline for D-allulose and erythritol compared with tap water and the changes from baseline for lactisole within D-allulose and erythritol. Statistical tests: linear mixed-effects modeling followed by planned contrasts with Holm correction for multiple testing and Cohen's dz for paired t tests is reported as a measure of effect size. CCK, cholecystokinin; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; Pfc, prospective food consumption; ppm, parts per million; PYY, peptide tyrosine tyrosine.