Table 2.
Relevance of markers of adiposity to cause-specific vascular-metabolic mortality at ages 40–74 years, before and after mutual adjustment for other adiposity markers
| Cause of death | No. of deaths | Death RR (95% CI) per 1 SD higher usual levela |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waist circumference |
Waist–hip ratio |
Waist–height ratio |
Hip circumference |
||||||
| With basic adjustments | +hip-c +BMI | With basic adjustments | +BMI | With basic adjustments | +hip-c +weight | With basic adjustments | +waist-c +BMI | ||
| Vascular | |||||||||
| Cardiac | 641 | 1.25 (1.15–1.35) | 1.28 (1.14–1.44) | 1.23 (1.11–1.35) | 1.17 (1.05–1.29) | 1.27 (1.18–1.38) | 1.32 (1.20–1.46) | 1.13 (1.05–1.22) | 0.80 (0.72–0.89) |
| Stroke | 215 | 1.29 (1.11–1.49) | 1.45 (1.19–1.78) | 1.29 (1.08–1.53) | 1.23 (1.04–1.47) | 1.43 (1.24–1.64) | 1.77 (1.50–2.10) | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) | 0.78 (0.65–0.94) |
| Other vascular | 84 | 1.48 (1.18–1.85) | 1.54 (1.10–2.15) | 1.32 (1.00–1.74) | 1.26 (0.95–1.68) | 1.52 (1.24–1.87) | 1.44 (1.11–1.87) | 1.38 (1.15–1.67) | 1.16 (0.87–1.54) |
| Subtotal: any vascular | 940 | 1.28 (1.19–1.37) | 1.35 (1.22–1.48) | 1.25 (1.15–1.35) | 1.19 (1.09–1.29) | 1.33 (1.25–1.42) | 1.43 (1.32–1.54) | 1.15 (1.08–1.22) | 0.82 (0.75–0.90) |
| Metabolic | |||||||||
| Renal/acute diabetic crisis | 256 | 1.60 (1.40–1.82) | 1.57 (1.30–1.89) | 1.38 (1.18–1.61) | 1.22 (1.04–1.42) | 1.60 (1.40–1.83) | 1.56 (1.33–1.83) | 1.39 (1.24–1.55) | 0.85 (0.72–1.00) |
| Hepatobiliary | 389 | 1.32 (1.19–1.47) | 1.60 (1.38–1.86) | 1.40 (1.24–1.59) | 1.34 (1.18–1.52) | 1.35 (1.22–1.49) | 1.55 (1.37–1.75) | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) | 0.72 (0.63–0.82) |
| Subtotal: any metabolic | 645 | 1.43 (1.31–1.55) | 1.59 (1.41–1.79) | 1.39 (1.27–1.54) | 1.29 (1.17–1.42) | 1.44 (1.33–1.56) | 1.55 (1.41–1.71) | 1.23 (1.15–1.33) | 0.77 (0.70–0.86) |
| All vascular-metabolic | 1585 | 1.34 (1.27–1.41) | 1.44 (1.34–1.55) | 1.31 (1.23–1.39) | 1.23 (1.15–1.31) | 1.38 (1.31–1.45) | 1.48 (1.39–1.57) | 1.18 (1.13–1.24) | 0.80 (0.75–0.86) |
RR estimates are adjusted for sex, age at risk, district of residence, educational level, smoking, alcohol intake, and leisure-time physical activity (basic adjustments). Analysis of each marker of adiposity with further mutual adjustment as described in the adjacent column header.
a
One standard deviation (SD) higher usual level of the adiposity markers was 9.9 cm for waist circumference, 0.052 for waist–hip ratio, 0.066 for waist–height ratio, and 8.8 cm for hip circumference.