. 2022 Jan 31;115(5):1290–1299. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac023

TABLE 1.

Baseline characteristics of males and females from the ELSA study (2004) according to abdominal obesity and dynapenia status¹

	Males				Females
	ND/NAO	ND/AO	D/NAO	D/AO	ND/NAO	ND/AO	D/NAO	D/AO
	n = 933	n = 753	n = 59	n = 35	n = 881	n = 1054	n = 82	n = 78
Age, y	69.5 ± 6.9	69.5 ± 6.5	79.3 ± 6.5^a,b	75.9 ± 9.5^a,b	69.5 ± 7.4	69.5 ± 6.6	77.8 ± 7.2^a,b	74.2 ± 8.0^a,b,c
60–69, %	55.4	52.2	8.4^a,b	31.4^a,b	57.5	54.5	14.6^a,b	29.5^a,b
70–79, %	35.2	39.6	42.4	31.5	30.1	37.5^a	37.8	42.3
≥80, %	9.4	8.2	49.2^a,b	37.1^a,b	12.4	8.0^a	47.6^a,b	28.2^a,b
Marital status (not married), %	22.0	20.6	40.7^a,b	31.4	40.7*	39.7*	69.5^*,a,b	57.7^a,b
Total household wealth in quintiles, %
First (highest)	29.6	23.2^a	15.3	2.9^a,b	27.2	19.1^a	12.2^a	10.3^a
Second	24.0	21.1	25.4	25.7	23.4	21.3	17.1	17.9
Third	21.5	21.5	15.3	17.1	18.8	21.8	20.7	26.9
Fourth	14.3	19.8^a	23.7	28.6	16.8	19.9	23.2	30.8^a
Fifth (lowest)	9.7	13.1	20.3^a	22.9^a	12.6	16.7	26.8^a	14.1
Not reported, %	0.9	1.3	0.0	2.8	1.2	1.2	0.0	0.0
Level of education, %
Higher qualification	33.4	27.7	18.6	5.7^a,b	21.8*	16.2^*,a	8.5^a	9.0^a
Level lower than “A level” or equivalent	23.8	21.0	13.6	17.1	23.3	19.9	15.9	17.9
Level lower than “O level” or equivalent	42.8	51.3^a	67.8^a	77.2^a,b	54.9*	63.9^*,a	75.6^a	73.1^a
Smoking, %
Nonsmoker	30.6	24.4^a	15.2^a	17.1	47.2*	44.7*	50.0*	42.3
Ex-smoker	56.4	64.8	67.8^a	74.3	41.1*	45.1*	40.2*	48.7
Smoker	13.0	10.8	17.0	8.6	11.7	10.2	9.8	9.0
Alcohol intake, %
Nondrinker or rare drinker	10.1	11.5	8.5	5.7^b	20.0*	23.9*	28.0*	30.8*
Frequent drinker	39.6	42.0	44.1	45.7	43.5	43.9	39.0	39.7
Daily drinker	42.3	38.5	23.7^a	22.9	30.5*	23.6*	20.8	21.8
Did not answer	8.0	8.0	23.7^a,b	25.7^a,b	6.0	8.6	12.2	7.7
Sedentary behavior, %	2.5	2.1	5.1	2.9	1.7	2.9	7.3^a	7.7^a
Hypertension, %	36.3	52.6^a	42.4	54.3	37.9	55.1^a	45.1	64.1^a
Diabetes, %	7.9	11.8	11.9	25.7^a	2.3*	9.9^a	4.9	14.1^a
Cancer, %	7.1	9.8	8.5	8.6	9.8	9.6	13.4	9.0
Lung disease, %	14.7	16.6	13.6	28.6	16.8	20.5	17.1	24.4
Heart disease, %	25.8	26.0	32.2	34.3	20.5	20.9	28.0	28.2
Stroke, %	4.9	4.4	5.1	2.9	3.6	3.2	9.8^b	5.1
Osteoarthritis, %	22.7	32.1^a	44.1^a	51.4^a	36.5*	45.5^*,a	72.0^*,a,b	75.6^a,b
Osteoporosis, %	1.2	1.7	3.4	8.6	13.1*	9.7*	15.9	15.4
Joint pain, %	15.8	22.4^a	25.4	31.4^a,b	21.0	30.9^a	32.9	48.7
Number of falls in previous 12 months (mean ± SD)	0.4 ± 1.27	0.5 ± 2.28	0.7 ± 1.20	1.0 ± 3.44	0.6 ± 1.94	0.7 ± 1.98	0.8 ± 1.30	1.1 ± 2.06
Depressive symptoms, %	6.8	7.8	10.2	11.4	11.1*	15.5^*a	24.4^a	16.7
Memory score, points (mean ± SD)	9.5 ± 3.2	9.3 ± 3.2	6.8 ± 3.4^a,b	8.3 ± 3.7	10.3 ± 3.5*	10.0 ± 3.3*	8.0 ± 4.1^a,b	8.7 ± 3.7^a,b
Grip strength, kg (mean ± SD)	39.6 ± 7.4	40.6 ± 7.5^a	21.0 ± 4.8^a,b	22.5 ± 2.9^a,b	24.4 ± 4.9*	24.7 ± 5.0*	12.8 ± 2.2^*,a,b	13.1 ± 2.6^*,a,b
Waist circumference, cm (mean ± SD)	93.7 ± 6.2	110.3 ± 7.0^a	92.5 ± 7.0^b	109.6 ± 5.6^a,c	80.2 ± 5.6*	98.5 ± 8.3^*,a	79.4 ± 6.1^*,b	97.9 ± 8.2^*,a,c
Height, m (mean ± SD)	1.71 ± 0.7	1.71 ± 0.6^a	1.65 ± 0.6^a,b	1.65 ± 0.6^a,b	1.60 ± 0.6*	1.60 ± 0.6^*,a,b	1.60 ± 0.7^*,a,b	1.50 ± 0.6^*,a,b
BMI ≥30 kg/m², %	1.9	51.7^a	0.0	42.9^a	1.6	51.4^a	0.0	47.4^a

χ² test performed for categorical variables; ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test performed for continuous variables to evaluate differences in baseline characteristics of 4 groups classified according to abdominal obesity and dynapenia status. Data expressed as percentage or mean ± SD. Statistical significance P < 0.05. Males, n = 1780; females, n = 2095. D/AO, dynapenic/abdominal obesity; D/NAO, dynapenic/nonabdominal obesity; ELSA, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; ND/AO, nondynapenic/abdominal obesity; ND/NAO, nondynapenic/nonabdominal obesity. *Significant sex difference in each group. ^aSignificantly different from ND/NAO in each sex. ^bSignificantly different from ND/AO in each sex. ^cSignificantly different from D/NAO in each sex.