TABLE 1.
Maternal and household characteristics of singletons assessed by anthropometry ≤72 h after birth, by vital status during infancy1
| Characteristic | Total (n = 21,174) | Died | Alive (n = 20,591) | P value4 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neonatal2 (n = 328) | Postneonatal3 (n = 255) | ||||||||
| n | n (%) or mean ± SD | n | n (%) or mean ± SD | n | n (%) or mean ± SD | n | n (%) or mean ± SD | ||
| Age, y | 21,163 | 23.1 ± 5.7 | 328 | 22.6 ± 5.7 | 255 | 23.0 ± 6.0 | 20,580 | 23.1 ± 5.6 | 0.13 |
| Education, y | 21,146 | 4.7 ± 3.4 | 327 | 3.5 ± 3.3 | 253 | 4.0 ± 3.4 | 20,566 | 4.7 ± 4.0 | <0.001 |
| Literacy | 21,150 | 12,616 (59.7) | 327 | 177 (54.1) | 253 | 122 (48.2) | 20,570 | 12,317 (59.9) | < 0.001 |
| Reproductive history | |||||||||
| Parity | 21,153 | 327 | 253 | 20,573 | |||||
| 0 | 6994 (33.1) | 159 (48.6) | 90 (35.6) | 6745 (32.8) | < 0.001 | ||||
| 1–3 | 13,047 (61.7) | 145 (44.3) | 135 (53.4) | 12,767 (62.1) | |||||
| ≥4 | 1112 (5.3) | 23 (7.0) | 28 (11.1) | 1061 (5.2) | |||||
| ≥1 Previous fetal loss | 21,174 | 4239 (20.0) | 327 | 59 (18.0) | 255 | 34 (13.3) | 20,591 | 4146 (20.1) | < 0.001 |
| ≥1 Previous infant death | 21,174 | 3149 (14.9) | 328 | 55 (16.8) | 255 | 53 (20.8) | 20,591 | 3041 (14.8) | < 0.001 |
| Place of delivery | 21,160 | 327 | 255 | 20,578 | 0.012 | ||||
| Home | 19,191 (90.7) | 297 (90.8) | 245 (96.1) | 18,649 (90.6) | |||||
| Facility | 1933 (9.1) | 28 (8.6) | 10 (3.9) | 1895 (9.2) | |||||
| Elsewhere | 36 (0.2) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 34 (0.2) | |||||
| Gestational age, wk | 20,262 | 38.77 ± 2.93 | 307 | 36.06 ± 4.39 | 242 | 37.56 ± 3.55 | 19,713 | 38.82 ± 2.87 | < 0.001 |
| Household characteristics | |||||||||
| Electricity | 21,151 | 4143 (19.6) | 328 | 51 (15.6) | 253 | 40 (15.8) | 20,571 | 4052 (19.7) | 0.06 |
| Living standards index5 | 21,141 | –0.07 ± 0.94 | 327 | –0.34 ± 0.81 | 253 | –0.37 ± 0.84 | 20,561 | –0.07 ± 0.94 | < 0.001 |
Missing data out of possible n = 328, 255, and 20,591 in neonatal deaths, postneonatal deaths, and alive infants, respectively, are as follows: age (n = 0, n = 0, n = 11), literacy (n = 11, n = 2, n = 21), education (n = 1, n = 2, n = 25), parity (n = 1, n = 2, n = 18), previous fetal loss (n = 1, n = 0, n = 0), previous infant death (n = 0, n = 0, n = 0), electricity (n = 0, n = 2, n = 20), and living standards index (n = 1, n = 2, n = 30)
Deaths were classified as neonatal if they occurred ≤28 d after birth.
Deaths were classified as postneonatal if they occurred 29–365 d after birth.
P values based on χ2 test for categorical variables and 1-factor ANOVA for continuous distributions across mutually exclusive groups (neonatal, postneonatal, and alive).
Based on derived index for rural northwestern Bangladesh (40).