TABLE 2.
Newborn and maternal size of singletons measured ≤72 h after birth, by infant vital status at 365 d1
| Characteristic | Total (n = 21,174) | Died | Alive (n = 20 591) | P value4 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neonatal2 (n = 328) | Postneonatal3 (n = 255) | ||||||||
| n | n (%) or mean ± SD | n | n (%) or mean ± SD | n | n (%) or mean ± SD | n | n (%) or mean ± SD | ||
| Male | 21,174 | 10,798 (51.0) | 328 | 176 (53.7) | 255 | 122 (47.8) | 20, 591 | 10,500 (51.0) | 0.378 |
| Age at birth anthropometry, h | 21,174 | 15.0 ± 12.6 | 328 | 14.4 ± 12.0 | 255 | 15.1 ± 12.2 | 20, 591 | 15.1 ± 12.6 | 0.626 |
| Birth size5 | |||||||||
| Length, cm | 20,773 | 46.57 ± 2.22 | 287 | 43.25 ± 3.75 | 243 | 45.28 ± 2.80 | 20, 243 | 46.63 ± 2.14 | < 0.001 |
| Weight, g | 21,172 | 2558 ± 410 | 328 | 1996 ± 611 | 255 | 2316 ± 465 | 20, 589 | 2570 ± 399 | < 0.001 |
| MUAC, cm | 21,127 | 9.51 ± 0.84 | 309 | 8.55 ± 1.13 | 254 | 9.14 ± 0.97 | 20, 564 | 9.53 ± 0.82 | < 0.001 |
| Head circumference, cm | 21,007 | 32.59 ± 1.54 | 307 | 30.42 ± 2.75 | 249 | 31.83 ± 1.95 | 20, 451 | 32.63 ± 1.48 | < 0.001 |
| Chest circumference, cm | 21,042 | 30.82 ± 2.04 | 305 | 27.76 ± 3.21 | 249 | 29.76 ± 2.36 | 20, 488 | 30.88 ± 1.98 | < 0.001 |
| Ponderal index6 | 20,773 | 25.22 ± 2.42 | 287 | 24.17 ± 2.94 | 243 | 24.76 ± 2.38 | 20, 243 | 25.24 ± 2.40 | < 0.001 |
| Preterm (GA <37 wk) | 20,262 | 4011 (19.8) | 307 | 166 (54.1) | 242 | 80 (33.1) | 19, 713 | 3765 (19.1) | < 0.001 |
| Low birth weight (<2500 g) | 21,172 | 9084 (42.9) | 328 | 247 (75.3) | 255 | 161 (63.1) | 20, 589 | 8676 (42.1) | < 0.001 |
| Small for gestational age7 | 20,260 | 12 884 (63.6) | 307 | 192 (62.5) | 242 | 151 (62.4) | 19, 711 | 12 541 (63.6) | 0.859 |
| Maternal size8 | |||||||||
| Weight, kg | 21,092 | 43.07 ± 6.01 | 325 | 41.71 ± 5.47 | 253 | 41.83 ± 5.79 | 20, 514 | 43.11 ± 6.01 | < 0.001 |
| Height, cm | 21,083 | 149.58 ± 5.19 | 326 | 148.60 ± 5.49 | 252 | 148.49 ± 5.61 | 20, 505 | 149.61 ± 5.17 | < 0.001 |
| MUAC, cm | 21,100 | 23.39 ± 2.15 | 326 | 22.97 ± 1.93 | 253 | 23.02 ± 2.07 | 20, 521 | 23.40 ± 2.16 | < 0.001 |
GA, gestational age; MUAC, midupper-arm circumference.
Deaths were classified as neonatal if they occurred ≤28 d after birth.
Deaths were classified as postneonatal if they occurred 29–365 days after birth.
P values based on χ2 test for categorical variables and 1-factor ANOVA for continuous distributions across mutually exclusive groups (neonatal, postneonatal, and alive).
Missing values for not measurement or out of biologically acceptable range: n = 401 in length, n = 2 in weight, n = 47 in MUAC, n = 167 in head circumference, and n = 132 in chest circumference.
Ponderal index is an indicator of wasting or adequacy of weight adjusted for length calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters cubed (50).
Post hoc analysis with small for gestational age defined as a birth weight <10th percentile of an Intergrowth-21st standard growth reference (51).
Maternal anthropometry collected at time of enrollment late in the first or early in the second trimester of pregnancy.