TABLE 3.
Nutritional outcomes1
| Baseline | 4 weeks | 8 weeks | Adjusted mean difference from baseline (95% CI) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (n = 58) | Control (n = 57)2 | Intervention (n = 57) | Control (n = 57)2 | Intervention (n = 57) | Control (n = 56)3 | 4 weeks (n = 114)4 | P value | 8 weeks (n = 113)5 | P value | |
| Energy, kJ | 8020 (1729) | 8099 (1857) | 7681 (1775) | 7852 (1884) | 7463 (1441) | 7805 (1936) | — | — | ||
| Energy, kcal | 1917 (413) | 1936 (444) | 1836 (424) | 1877 (451) | 1784 (345) | 1865 (463) | −25.9 (−123 to 71) | 0.6005 | −64 (−165 to 37) | 0.2121 |
| Total fat | 72 (24) | 73 (25) | 66 (19) | 71 (24) | 66 (20) | 72 (25) | −4.8 (−10 to 1) | 0.0952 | −5.4 (−11 to 1) | 0.0844 |
| Saturated fat | 23 (10) | 24 (9) | 21 (8) | 24 (9) | 20 (8) | 26 (15) | −2.4 (−5 to 0) | 0.0361 | −4.2 (−8 to 0) | 0.0368 |
| Monounsaturated fat | 9 (6) | 9 (6) | 8 (6) | 8 (5) | 7 (4) | 9 (6) | −1.2 (−3 to 1) | 0.2409 | −2.7 (−4 to −1) | 0.0026 |
| Polyunsaturated fat | 4 (3) | 5 (4) | 4 (4) | 4 (3) | 4 (2) | 5 (3) | 0.2 (−1 to 1) | 0.7689 | −0.7 (−2 to 0) | 0.1749 |
| Fiber | 20 (8) | 21 (8) | 22 (8) | 20 (8) | 20 (7) | 20 (8) | 2.2 (0–4) | 0.0394 | −0.1 (−2 to 2) | 0.9408 |
| Protein | 82 (24) | 82 (24) | 72 (17) | 76 (23) | 73 (20) | 78 (22) | −3.7 (−9 to 1) | 0.1432 | −3.9 (−9 to 1) | 0.1557 |
| Total carbohydrate | 209 (55) | 215 (54) | 210 (53) | 210 (47) | 204 (46) | 206 (55) | 3.7 (−8 to 16) | 0.5341 | 2 (−11 to 15) | 0.7614 |
| Sugar | 67 (27) | 74 (29) | 66 (26) | 72 (26) | 58 (25) | 71 (33) | −1.5 (−7 to 4) | 0.6141 | −7.1 (−14 to 0) | 0.0526 |
| Sodium | 1908 (933) | 1965 (811) | 1934 (856) | 1861 (762) | 1791 (682) | 1864 (577) | 98.2 (−158 to 354) | 0.4522 | −40.8 (−241 to 159) | 0.6893 |
| Vitamin A | 599 (550) | 748 (1014) | 795 (988) | 751 (689) | 759 (635) | 626 (552) | 76.5 (−221 to 374) | 0.6146 | 175.6 (−32 to 384) | 0.098 |
| Vitamin C | 95 (95) | 110 (88) | 95 (96) | 101 (88) | 78 (53) | 99 (88) | 1.2 (−27 to 29) | 0.9343 | −14.9 (−38 to 8) | 0.2075 |
| Iron | 5 (4) | 6 (4) | 5 (3) | 6 (3) | 5 (4) | 6 (3) | −0.6 (−1 to 0) | 0.2014 | −0.55 (−2 to 1) | 0.4007 |
| Calcium | 483 (306) | 470 (291) | 492 (283) | 494 (322) | 455 (321) | 417 (272) | −5.6 (−106 to 95) | 0.9128 | 28.8 (−77 to 134) | 0.5925 |
| Potassium | 961 (531) | 1160 (635) | 896 (523) | 1080 (570) | 846 (381) | 1017 (596) | −88.8 (−258 to 81) | 0.3042 | −68.7 (−231 to 93) | 0.406 |
1
Values represent means (SDs) of 7-day food diaries recorded using the MyFitnessPal app.
2
n = 56 for saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, calcium, and potassium.
3
n = 55 for saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, calcium, and potassium.
4
n = 113 for saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, calcium, and potassium.
5
n = 112 for saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, calcium, and potassium.