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. 2021 Dec 6;115(5):1344–1356. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab398

TABLE 5.

Indirect and direct effect for the association of E-DII with liver fat through hs-CRP, LBP, and gut microbiome, in MEC-APS participants (n = 1655)1

Indirect effect2 Direct effect
Mediator β SE 95% CI β SE 95% CI
High sensitivity C-reactive protein, mg/L 0.002 0.003 −0.002, 0.011 0.399 0.066 0.269, 0.528
Lipopolysaccharide binding protein, μg/mL 0.008 0.006 −0.001, 0.023 0.393 0.066 0.264, 0.522
α Diversity (Shannon) 0.037 0.012 0.015, 0.0633 0.364 0.066 0.236, 0.493
Phyla4
 Actinobacteria 0.000 0.007 −0.014, 0.015 0.401 0.066 0.271, 0.531
 Bacteroidetes 0.006 0.009 −0.011, 0.023 0.395 0.065 0.267, 0.524
 Cyanobacteria 0.003 0.004 −0.004, 0.012 0.399 0.066 0.269, 0.528
 Firmicutes −0.014 0.007 −0.030, −0.003 0.415 0.066 0.286, 0.544
 Fusobacteria 0.038 0.013 0.016, 0.0663 0.363 0.065 0.235, 0.491
 Lentisphaerae 0.008 0.005 −0.002, 0.020 0.393 0.066 0.264, 0.523
 Proteobacteria 0.017 0.009 0.001, 0.037 0.384 0.066 0.256, 0.513
 Synergistetes −0.002 0.006 −0.015, 0.008 0.403 0.066 0.274, 0.532
 Tenericutes 0.024 0.009 0.006, 0.043 0.378 0.066 0.249, 0.506
 Verrucomicrobia 0.009 0.007 −0.002, 0.024 0.392 0.066 0.263, 0.521
Genera4
 Anaerostipes 0.004 0.010 −0.015, 0.025 0.398 0.067 0.267, 0.528
 Bacteroides 0.035 0.012 0.012, 0.060 0.366 0.065 0.238, 0.494
 Christensenellaceae R-7 group 0.050 0.012 0.026, 0.0733 0.353 0.066 0.224, 0.482
 Collinsella −0.003 0.008 −0.022, 0.013 0.405 0.066 0.274, 0.535
 Coprococcus 2 0.041 0.012 0.020, 0.0653 0.360 0.066 0.231, 0.490
 Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-003 0.004 0.005 −0.005, 0.016 0.397 0.066 0.267, 0.527
 Escherichia-Shigella 0.036 0.012 0.016, 0.0623 0.365 0.066 0.236, 0.494
 [Eubacterium] coprostanoligenes group −0.003 0.008 −0.020, 0.013 0.404 0.066 0.276, 0.533
 [Eubacterium] eligens group 0.003 0.013 −0.003, 0.051 0.378 0.067 0.246, 0.510
 [Eubacterium] xylanophilum group 0.052 0.013 0.029, 0.0793 0.349 0.066 0.219, 0.479
 Faecalibacterium 0.006 0.008 −0.009, 0.022 0.395 0.066 0.265, 0.525
 Flavonifractor 0.043 0.013 0.021, 0.0703 0.358 0.066 0.230, 0.487
 Lachnoclostridium 0.053 0.015 0.025, 0.0853 0.348 0.065 0.220, 0.475
 Lachnospira 0.009 0.009 −0.007, 0.027 0.392 0.067 0.262, 0.523
 Lachnospiraceae NC2004 group 0.024 0.011 0.004, 0.048 0.378 0.065 0.249, 0.506
 Lachnospiraceae ND3007 group 0.016 0.009 0.002, 0.035 0.385 0.066 0.255, 0.515
 Lachnospiraceae UCG-001 0.002 0.004 −0.006, 0.012 0.399 0.066 0.269, 0.528
 Lachnospiraceae; other −0.017 0.008 −0.034, −0.004 0.418 0.066 0.288, 0.548
 Odoribacter 0.017 0.009 0.002, 0.036 0.385 0.066 0.255, 0.514
 Oscillibacter 0.008 0.006 −0.002, 0.023 0.393 0.066 0.264, 0.523
 Parabacteroides 0.011 0.008 −0.002, 0.029 0.390 0.066 0.260, 0.520
 Ruminiclostridium 5 0.024 0.012 0.002, 0.0503 0.377 0.066 0.247, 0.508
 Ruminococcaceae UCG-013 0.021 0.009 0.005, 0.040 0.381 0.066 0.251, 0.510
 Ruminococcaceae UCG-014 0.044 0.011 0.025, 0.068 0.357 0.066 0.228, 0.846
 Ruminococcaceae uncultured −0.005 0.007 −0.019, 0.009 0.406 0.066 0.277, 0.534
 Ruminococcus 1 0.018 0.013 −0.006, 0.045 0.383 0.067 0.252, 0.514
 [Ruminococcus] gnavus group 0.085 0.018 0.052, 0.1223 0.317 0.066 0.187, 0.446
 Tyzzerella 0.035 0.011 0.015, 0.0613 0.366 0.066 0.236, 0.496
1

Mediation analyses conducted through linear regression using the PROCESS macro for SPSS adjusting for age, education, physical activity, race/ethnicity, sex, smoking status, antibiotic use, and total fat mass. E-DII, Energy-Density Dietary Inflammatory Index; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LBP, lipopolysaccharide binding protein; MEC-APS, Multiethnic Cohort–Adiposity Phenotype Study; NC.

2

A bootstrap method using iterations of computed samples (5000) was used to determine the significance of the indirect effects.

3

Significant after Bonferroni adjustment (P < 0.0013).

4

Centered log ratio transformation for skewed distributions.