Table 3.

Results From Stratified Analyses Examining the Association Between Ambient PM_2.5 Exposure and Frailty

PM2.5 (per 10 μg/m3 increase)		Urban		Rural
		OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Overall		1.030	0.717–1.480	1.297**	1.211–1.388
Country
	China	0.835*	0.705–0.991	0.926	0.761–1.126
	Ghana	1.358	0.109–16.943	2.337	0.457–11.958
	India	1.069	0.845–1.353	0.988	0.906–1.078
	Mexico	1.693	0.483–5.931	5.195*	1.056–25.555
	Russian Federation	0.309	0.018–5.442	0.180	0.001–54.057
	South Africa	10.473**	3.616–30.332	4.780**	1.625–14.060
Age group
	50–59	1.101	0.644–1.882	1.231**	1.145–1.325
	60–69	0.925	0.632–1.354	1.335**	1.111–1.603
	70–79	0.767**	0.702–0.838	1.016	0.841–1.227
	80+	0.868	0.752–1.001	0.885	0.572–1.368
Gender
	Men	0.947	0.711–1.260	1.314**	1.182–1.460
	Women	0.925	0.608–1.406	1.207**	1.071–1.359

Notes: OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. Odds ratios are adjusted for age, education, gender, wealth index, fruit and vegetable intake, tobacco use, physical activity level, cooking fuel use, temperature, and humidity.

*p < .05, **p < .01.