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. 2021 Nov 23;191(5):930–938. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwab278

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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Distributions of the absolute estimands () of 3 active treatments (A, B, and C) and a placebo (P) with means and standard deviations SD_i in a hypothetical example. A) Scenario 1; B) scenario 2.

Inline graphic — Distributions of the absolute estimands () of 3 active treatments (A, B, and C) and a placebo (P) with means and standard deviations SD_i in a hypothetical example. A) Scenario 1; B) scenario 2.