Table 1.
The study's materials.
| Trade name | Manufacturer | Specifications |
|---|---|---|
| Vertex | Vertex Dental, Netherlands | Powder: polymethyl methacrylate, 500gm |
| Liquid: phthalyl butyl glycolate, ethanol, 250 ml | ||
| ZrO2 nanoparticles | NanoGATE, Ciro, Egypt | Spherical, white, and tetragonal particles (12 ± 3 nm; purity >99%) |
| TiO2 nanoparticles | NanoGATE, Ciro, Egypt | Spherical, white, and anatase particles (15 ± 3 nm; purity >99%) |
| SiO2 nanoparticles | NanoGATE, Ciro, Egypt | Spherical, white, and amorphous particles (21 ± 3 nm; purity >99%) |
| Silane coupling agent | Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH | Purity 98%, ethanol 99.7%, lot no. 440159 |
| Riedstrasse2, Germany |