Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants at baseline.
| Characteristics | Prediabetes | Normoglucose | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1072) | (n = 772) | ||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 59.1 (9.3) | 56.6 (10.3) | < 0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 536 (50.0) | 358 (46.4) | 0.068 |
| Smoking status, n(%) | |||
| Active smoker | 182 (17.0) | 170 (22.0) | 0.003 |
| Ex-smoker | 409 (38.2) | 244 (31.6) | |
| Never smoker | 481 (44.9) | 358 (46.4) | |
| Regular physical activity, n(%) | 575 (53.7) | 428 (55.4) | 0.249 |
| High-risk alcohol consumption, n(%) | 140 (13.1) | 83 (10.8) | 0.078 |
| Adherence Mediterranean diet score, n(%) | 564 (52.6) | 370 (47.9) | 0.026 |
| Daily consumption of fruit or vegetables, n(%) | 919 (85.7) | 653 (84.6) | 0.269 |
| Metabolic syndrome, n(%) | 559 (52.1) | 96 (12.4) | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 100.1 (12.3) | 93.0 (11.8) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 29.9 (4.8) | 27.4 (4.4) | < 0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 105.2 (10.9) | 87.0 (7.2) | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 5.8 (0.3) | 5.3 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL), n(%) | |||
| ≥ 13.0 | 975 (91.0) | 665 (86.1) | 0.005 |
| 12.9–11.0 | 91 (8.5) | 102 (13.2) | |
| ≤ 10.9 | 6 (0.6) | 5 (0.6) | |
| Hypertension, n(%) | 708 (66.0) | 359 (46.5) | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 134.6 (16.0) | 128.3 (15.3) | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 81.2 (9.4) | 79.0 (9.5) | < 0.001 |
| Total colesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 209.9 (37.4) | 211.0 (37.5) | 0.532 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 54.4 (14.3) | 58.5 (15.6) | < 0.001 |
| Non HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 129.6 (33.9) | 129.8 (32.2) | 0.899 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 132.3 (71.7) | 114.4 (75.6) | < 0.001 |
| Use of ACEIs or ARBs, n(%) | 396 (36.9) | 182 (23.6) | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine(mg/dL), mean (SD) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.760 |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2), mean (SD) | 89.1 (13.7) | 90.4 (13.4) | 0.060 |
SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, ACEIs Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARBs Angiotensin receptor blockers, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate.