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. 2022 May 5;13:2461. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30125-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a Fluorescent localization of the interactions between GNs, MV, and E. coli. The fluorescent dyes FM4-64 to stain the OM (red), and SYTOX Green to show membrane permeabilization (green). Scale bar, 5 μm. b Fluorescence intensity along the white arrows in a. c Intensity surface plot of different groups in a. d Schematic diagram of MV and GNs synergistically killing bacteria. GNs are represented by yellow spheres. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.