Table 2.
Main baseline characteristics by frailty transition status after 2.1 years and stratified by gender.
| Improvement | No Change | Worsening | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | Men | Total | Women | Men | Total | Women | Men | Total | |
| n | 101 | 59 | 160 | 304 | 243 | 547 | 162 | 160 | 322 |
| Age in year, mean (SD) | 82.9 (5.1) | 83.4 (5.2) | 83.1 (5.1) | 83.7 (5.4) | 84.3 (5.5) | 84.0 (5.4) | 85.0 (6.1) | 86.0 (6.0) | 85.5 (6.1) |
| Education (CASMIN-short), n (%) | |||||||||
| Low | 69 (68) | 26 (44) | 95 (59) | 197 (65) | 124 (51) | 321 (59) | 104 (64) | 88 (55) | 192 (60) |
| Middle | 22 (22) | 16 (27) | 38 (24) | 76 (25) | 41 (17) | 117 (21) | 36 (22) | 22 (14) | 58 (18) |
| High | 9 (9) | 17 (29) | 26 (16) | 31 (10) | 78 (32) | 109 (20) | 22 (14) | 47 (29) | 69 (21) |
| Unknown | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (2) | 3 (0.9) |
| Smoking, n (%) | |||||||||
| Never | 73 (72) | 17 (29) | 90 (56) | 223 (73) | 81 (33) | 304 (56) | 106 (65) | 50 (31) | 156 (48) |
| Ever | 28 (28) | 42 (71) | 70 (44) | 80 (26) | 162 (67) | 242 (44) | 54 (33) | 110 (69) | 164 (51) |
| Unknown | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.6) |
| Self-rated health, n (%) | |||||||||
| Excellent / good | 46 (46) | 31 (53) | 77 (48) | 129 (42) | 131 (54) | 260 (48) | 61 (38) | 68 (43) | 129 (40) |
| Moderate /poor / very poor | 55 (55) | 28 (48) | 83 (52) | 173 (57) | 111 (46) | 284 (52) | 101 (62) | 92 (58) | 193 (60) |
| Unknown | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.4) | 3 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Living alone, n (%) | 56 (55) | 16 (27) | 72 (45) | 180 (59) | 77 (32) | 257 (47) | 113 (70) | 46 (29) | 159 (49) |
| Unknown | 3 (3) | 2 (3) | 5 (3) | 12 (4) | 5 (2) | 17 (3) | 7 (4) | 5 (3) | 12 (4) |
| BMI in kg/m2, n (%) | |||||||||
| < 25 | 32 (32) | 15 (25) | 47 (29) | 107 (35) | 62 (26) | 169 (31) | 61 (38) | 53 (33) | 114 (35) |
| 25–29.9 | 39 (39) | 32 (54) | 71 (44) | 122 (40) | 124 (51) | 246 (45) | 64 (40) | 72 (45) | 136 (42) |
| ≥ 30 | 28 (28) | 12 (20) | 40 (25) | 74 (24) | 52 (21) | 126 (23) | 36 (22) | 32 (20) | 68 (21) |
| Unknown | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | 1 (0.3) | 5 (2) | 6 (1) | 1 (0.6) | 3 (2) | 4 (1) |
| Polypharmacy, n (%) | 73 (72) | 41 (70) | 114 (71) | 223 (73) | 174 (72) | 397 (73) | 125 (77) | 121 (76) | 246 (76) |
| Hospitalization, n (%) | |||||||||
| 0 | 45 (45) | 28 (48) | 73 (46) | 141 (46) | 104 (43) | 245 (45) | 67 (41) | 48 (30) | 115 (36) |
| 1–2 | 36 (36) | 20 (34) | 56 (35) | 104 (34) | 98 (40) | 202 (37) | 61 (38) | 72 (45) | 133 (41) |
| ≥ 3 | 20 (20) | 11 (19) | 31 (19) | 59 (19) | 41 (17) | 100 (18) | 34 (21) | 40 (25) | 74 (23) |
| CCI, median (IQR) | 8 (6–11) | 10 (8–12) | 9 (7–11) | 9 (7–12) | 10 (7–13) | 9 (7–12) | 10 (7–13) | 12 (9–14) | 11 (8–13) |
| Cognitive impairment, n (%) | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | 3 (2) | 22 (7) | 12 (5) | 34 (6) | 22 (14) | 16 (10) | 38 (12) |
| Unknown | 3 (3) | 1 (2) | 4 (3) | 10 (3) | 10 (4) | 20 (4) | 11 (7) | 17 (11) | 28 (9) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 86 (85) | 49 (83) | 135 (84) | 253 (83) | 199 (82) | 452 (83) | 139 (86) | 133 (83) | 272 (85) |
| Unknown | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) |
| Stroke, n (%) | 7 (7) | 9 (15) | 16 (10) | 35 (12) | 27 (11) | 62 (11) | 26 (16) | 31 (19) | 57 (18) |
| Congestive Heart failure, n (%) | 45 (45) | 40 (68) | 85 (53) | 186 (61) | 161 (66) | 347 (63) | 112 (69) | 127 (79) | 239 (74) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 18 (18) | 15 (25) | 33 (21) | 82 (27) | 79 (33) | 161 (29) | 50 (31) | 56 (35) | 106 (33) |
| Unknown | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (3) | 2 (1) | 6 (2) |
| Cancer, n (%) | 16 (16) | 27 (46) | 43 (27) | 62 (20) | 75 (31) | 137 (25) | 35 (22) | 61 (38) | 96 (30) |
| Osteoarthritis, n (%) | 92 (91) | 43 (73) | 135 (84) | 267 (88) | 168 (69) | 435 (80) | 142 (88) | 127 (79) | 269 (84) |
| COPD, n (%) | 35 (35) | 21 (36) | 56 (35) | 121 (40) | 87 (36) | 208 (38) | 67 (41) | 60 (38) | 127 (39) |
| eGFRBIS2 < 60 | |||||||||
| ml/min/1.73m2, n (%) | 68 (67) | 43 (73) | 111 (69) | 218 (72) | 170 (70) | 388 (71) | 128 (79) | 127 (79) | 255 (79) |
| Unknown | 4 (4) | 0 (0) | 4 (3) | 6 (2) | 2 (0.8) | 8 (2) | 5 (3) | 4 (3) | 9 (3) |
| ACR ≥ 30 mg/g, n (%) | 15 (15) | 19 (32) | 34 (21) | 57 (19) | 69 (28) | 126 (23) | 50 (31) | 65 (41) | 115 (36) |
| Unknown | 7 (7) | 1 (2) | 8 (5) | 22 (7) | 10 (4) | 32 (6) | 11 (7) | 10 (6) | 21 (7) |
| Frailty status, n (%) | |||||||||
| Robust | n.a | n.a | n.a | 52 (17) | 55 (23) | 107 (20) | 55 (34) | 43 (27) | 98 (30) |
| Prefrail | 48 (48) | 36 (61) | 84 (53) | 142 (47) | 127 (52) | 269 (49) | 64 (40) | 64 (40) | 128 (40) |
| Frail | 53 (53) | 23 (39) | 76 (48) | 110 (36) | 61 (25) | 171 (31) | 43 (27) | 53 (33) | 96 (30) |
SD standard deviation, n.a. not applicable, BMI body mass index, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, COPD chronic obstructive lung disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACR albumin to creatinine ratio.