Table 4.
Ovarian morphological changes observed in animal models
| Sl. no | Organism | Treatment dosage | Type of follicle | No. of follicle (mean/mean ± standard deviation) | Results | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment group | Control group | ||||||
| 1 | Female Sprague Dawley rats |
0.625 mg kg−1 body weight (BPA5) |
Oocytes | 12 | 12 |
1. Number of oocytes decreases in a dose-dependent manner, though BPA5 displays no change 2. Animals exposed to BPA500 showed a lower number of corpus luteum and a higher number of atretic follicles, many of which were cystic 3. Both BPA-treated groups showed lower numbers of antral follicles. And the BPA500 animals had a lower total number of structures |
Fernández et al. (2010) |
|
6.25 mg kg−1 body weight (BPA50) |
Corpus luteum | 14 | 15 | ||||
| Antral follicles | 9 | 13 | |||||
| Atretic follicles | 5 | 3 | |||||
| Preovulatory follicles | 3 | 2 | |||||
| Oocytes | 11 | 12 | |||||
|
62.5 mg kg−1 body weight (BPA500) |
Corpus luteum | 2 | 15 | ||||
| Antral follicles | 5 | 13 | |||||
| Atretic follicles | 7 | 3 | |||||
| Preovulatory follicles | 3 | 2 | |||||
| Oocytes | 0 | 12 | |||||
| 2 | Female Sprague Dawley rats | 0.05 mg kg−1 body weight | Primary follicles | 2.83±0.58 | 2.75±0.43 |
1. Rats in all groups showed normal ovarian morphology, characterized by all stages of follicular development and the presence of numerous healthy corpus luteum 2. The rats exposed to BPA had more primary and secondary follicles than those in the control group |
Qiu et al. (2020) |
| Secondary follicles | 13.83±1.30 | 10.08±1.14 | |||||
| Antral follicles | 3.33±0.43 | 2.83±0.34 | |||||
| Corpus luteum | 3.91±0.63 | 3.17±0.44 | |||||
| 0.5 mg kg−1 body weight | Primary follicles | 3.92±0.42 | 2.75±0.43 | ||||
| Secondary follicles | 14.67±1.75 | 10.08±1.14 | |||||
| Antral follicles | 3.17±0.42 | 2.83±0.34 | |||||
| Corpus luteum | 3.75±0.60 | 3.17±0.44 | |||||
| 5 mg kg−1 body weight | Primary follicles | 3.50±0.60 | 2.75±0.43 | ||||
| Secondary follicles | 13.25±1.22 | 10.08±1.14 | |||||
| Antral follicles | 3.00±0.48 | 2.83±0.34 | |||||
| Corpus luteum | 3.33±0.51 | 3.17±0.44 | |||||
| 10 mg kg−1 body weight | Primary follicles | 4.50±0.63 | 2.75±0.43 | ||||
| Secondary follicles | 18.17±1.78 | 10.08±1.14 | |||||
| Antral follicles | 3.08±0.29 | 2.38±0.34 | |||||
| Corpus luteum | 3.33±0.38 | 3.17±0.44 | |||||
| 3 | Female CD-1 mice | 12.5 mg kg−1 body weight | Primordial follicles | 7.75 | 7.5 |
1. The number of antral follicles in the BPA-treated groups was lower than that in the control group, but this was not significant 2. The numbers of primordial follicles, primary follicles, and corpus luteum were significantly lower in the 25 and 50 mg/kg BPA-treated groups compared with the control group |
Zhu et al. (2018) |
| Primary follicles | 8.75 | 8.75 | |||||
| Antral follicles | 16 | 17.5 | |||||
| Atretic follicles | 2 | 2 | |||||
| Corpus luteum | 6 | 7.5 | |||||
| 25 mg kg−1 body weight | Primordial follicles | 6 | 7.5 | ||||
| Primary follicles | 5.75 | 8.75 | |||||
| Antral follicles | 14 | 17.5 | |||||
| Atretic follicles | 4.5 | 2 | |||||
| Corpus luteum | 4 | 7.5 | |||||
| 50 mg kg−1 body weight | Primordial follicles | 4 | 7.5 | ||||
| Primary follicles | 4 | 8.75 | |||||
| Antral follicles | 13 | 17.5 | |||||
| Atretic follicles | 8 | 2 | |||||
| Corpus luteum | 1.5 | 7.5 | |||||
| 4 | Female Wistar rats | 3 μg kg-1 day-1 | Primary follicles | 9.75 | 3.5 |
1. Significant increase in the total number of follicles is observed in the case of BPA exposure 2. The number of primary and secondary follicles is high in the BPA exposed group, as the number of antral follicles has reduced. Lastly, there is a significant increase in number, observed in the case of atretic follicles |
Gámez et al. (2015) |
| Secondary follicles | 8 | 4 | |||||
| Antral follicles | 7 | 9.5 | |||||
| Atretic follicles | 7.75 | 4.4 | |||||
| 5 | Female Long Evans rats |
50 μg kg-1 (low dose) |
Corpus luteum | 9.75 | 12.43 |
1. BPA treated groups displayed abnormal folliculogenesis, as they contained hemorrhagic and degenerated follicles 2. The high-dose BPA treated group is least likely to progress to ovulation as observed from the significantly decreased number of corpus luteum |
Adewale et al. (2009) |
|
50 mg kg-1 (high dose) |
Corpus luteum | 2.1 | 12.43 | ||||
| 6 | Female Sprague Dawley rats |
50 μg kg-1 (BPA1) |
Corpus luteum | 12.0 ± 0.31 | 12.6 ± 0.24 |
1. Significant decrease was observed in the number of corpus luteum in BPA2, BPA3, and BPA4 groups, in comparison to the control group 2. A significant increase in the number of antral follicles and atretic follicles were observed in BPA3 and BPA4 group 3. No significant results were observed in the case of preovulatory follicles across all BPA-treated groups |
Ijaz et al. (2020) |
| Antral follicles | 11.8 ± 0.20 | 10.6 ± 0.24 | |||||
| Atretic follicles | 1.6 ± 0.24 | 2.2 ± 0.37 | |||||
| Preovulatory follicles | 2.2 ± 0.37 | 2.0 ± 0.31 | |||||
|
500 μg kg-1 (BPA2) |
Corpus luteum | 10.8 ± 0.49 | 12.6 ± 0.24 | ||||
| Antral follicles | 10.8 ± 0.37 | 10.6 ± 0.24 | |||||
| Atretic follicles | 2.8 ± 0.20 | 2.2 ± 0.37 | |||||
| Preovulatory follicles | 2.6 ± 0.40 | 2.0 ± 0.31 | |||||
|
5 mg kg-1 (BPA3) |
Corpus luteum | 10.6 ± 0.40 | 12.6 ± 0.24 | ||||
| Antral follicles | 8.8 ± 0.37 | 10.6 ± 0.24 | |||||
| Atretic follicles | 4.4 ± 0.24 | 2.2 ± 0.37 | |||||
| Preovulatory follicles | 2.2 ± 0.37 | 2.0 ± 0.31 | |||||
|
50 mg kg-1 (BPA4) |
Corpus luteum | 6.4 ± 0.24 | 12.6 ± 0.24 | ||||
| Antral follicles | 6.8 ± 0.58 | 10.6 ± 0.24 | |||||
| Atretic follicles | 6.8 ± 0.80 | 2.2 ± 0.37 | |||||
| Preovulatory follicles | 1.8 ± 0.37 | 2.0 ± 0.31 | |||||
BPA bisphenol A, μg microgram, kg kilogram, mg milligram