Table 2.
Colloidal metal-photosensitizer systems without additional spacer
| Type of metal NPs (size) | Capping agent | Photosensitizer | ROS EF/Triplet EF | attachment method | Other Applications | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ag NPs (5.4 nm) | Glutathione | ZnPc | 2.19 Singlet oxygen | Covalent bonding | Antibacterial against E-Coli | [195] |
| Ag NPs (19, 66, 106 nm) | PEI | PpIX | 2.56-fold, 4.72-fold | Electrostatic interaction |
Size-dependent Comparison of cell uptake and intracellular ROS generation with cell-free data |
[205] |
| -Ag NPs (9 nm) | Pectin | Riboflavin | Singlet O: 30% hydrogen peroxide: 60% | Electrostatic interaction | – | [200] |
| Ag NPs (5.3 nm) | 1-nonanthiol | Chl | 2-fold | Electrostatic interaction | – | [199] |
| Au NPs (2–4 nm) | Zn- phthalocyanine and TOAB | ZnPc | 44% Singlet oxygen phosphorescence QY | Au–S bonds | – | [206] |
| Au NPs (5.3 nm) | TOAB | ZnPc | 1.51-fold | Au–S bonds | – | [207] |
| Au NPs (5 nm) | TOAB | Three complexes of ZnPcs | Both enhancement and quench for triplet QY | Au–S bonds | – | [208] |
| Au NPs (5.37 nm) | TOAB | ZnPc | – | Au–S bonds | PDT for MCF-7 cells | [197] |
| Au NPs (5 nm) | PEG and Zn phthalocyanine | ZnPc | – | Au–S bonds | PDT for SK-Br-3 cells | [198] |
| Au NPs (15 nm) | ATP |
MB Azure Thionine |
Enhanced triplet state | Electrostatic | – | [209] |
| Au NPs (5.4 nm) | CTAB | AlPc | 1.75-fold | Electrostatic | – | [210] |
| Au NPs (25 nm) | Cysteamine | RB | 13-fold (based on Phosphorescence of singlet oxygen) | Covalent bonding | – | [211] |
| Au NPs (15 nm) | PEG5000 |
Pheophorbide Hematoporphyrin |
10% 22% |
Electrostatic interaction | – | [212] |
| Au NPs, aggregated (40–50 nm) | PEI or Citrate | PpIX | 4-fold | Electrostatic interaction | PDT for Breast cancer cells | [204] |
| Aggregated Au NPs (54 nm) | Pluronic F127 | MB | About 2-fold | Electrostatic interaction | Murine colon carcinoma cells (C-26) Imaging SERRS FLIM | [203] |
| Au NRs (AR: 2.1) | CTAB | dendritic ZnPc | 2 singlet oxygen | Electrostatic interaction | – | [192] |
|
Au NRs (AR: 3.7) Au bipyramids (AR: 2.9) |
CTAB | AlPc |
1.96-fold 2-fold |
Au–S bonds |
Antifungal against C. albicans Antibacterial against E-Coli |
[196] |
| Au NRs (AR: 3.6) | CTAB | Sulfonated AlPc | – | Electrostatic interaction | PDT and PTT for QGY cells | [193] |
| Au NRs (61 × 16 nm) | CTAB | Two ZnPcs | 3-fold | Electrostatic interaction | PDT for Melanoma Cells | [213] |
| Au NRs (3.2 AR) Au pyramids (AR:2.5) | CTAB | AlPc |
1.96-fold 2-fold |
Electrostatic interaction | 50% quench of PL | [210] |
|
Au NRs (40 × 10 nm) Au NPs (40 nm) Ag NPs (40 nm) |
Mercaptoethylamine m-PEG114 | PpIX |
Different amount From 2- to 13-fold |
Electrostatic interaction or Covalent bonding | – | [214] |
| Au NRs/(50 nm length, AR: 4.2) | CTAB | Ce6 | 1.3-fold | Electrostatic interaction | PDT of Hella cells and KB Cells | [215] |
| Au NPs (20 nm) | Cysteine | Protoporphyrin IX | 0.2-fold | Covalent bonding | – | [216] |
| Hollow gold nanospheres (HAuNS) (50 nm) | PEI | ICG | 2.6-fold | Covalent bonding | PTT and PDT | [217] |
| Au Nanoring (100 × 50 nm) | PEG | AlPcS | 2.9-fold TP | Covalent bonding | PTT and PDT | [218] |
|
Au bipyramids (AR: 3) Au nanorods (AR: ~ 5) |
CTAB | AlPcS |
11.5-fold TP 2.1-fold TP |
Electrostatic interaction | In vivo two photon PDT | [219] |
| Au nanoparticle (4–6 nm) | – | Carbon dots (tannic acid and polyethyleneimine) | 2.3-fold | Nanocomposite | – | [220] |
CTAB cetyl trimethylammonium bromide, PEG poly(ethylene glycol), TOAB tetraoctylammonium bromide, ATP adenosine triphosphate; PEI polyethyleneimine, Pp protoporphyrin, MB methylene blue, RB rose bengal; Pc phthalocyanines; Chl chlorophyll, TP two photons, PTT photothermal therapy