Table 2.

Associations of three aging measures with mortality.

	No. of death (%)	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
		HR (95% CI)	p	HR (95% CI)	p	HR (95% CI)	p
TL.Accel
Short	301 (20.46)	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
Normal	362 (20.36)	0.99 (0.85–1.15)	0.868	1.00 (0.86–1.17)	0.992	0.97 (0.82–1.14)	0.711
PA.Accel
Younger	291 (16.04)	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
Older	372 (25.92)	1.79 (1.54–2.09)	<0.001	1.85 (1.58–2.16)	<0.001	1.67 (1.41–1.98)	<0.001
FI.Accel
Robust	321 (17.19)	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
Frail	342 (24.75)	1.52 (1.31–1.77)	<0.001	1.62 (1.38–1.88)	<0.001	1.59 (1.35–1.87)	<0.001
PC1
Younger	313 (16.60)	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
Older	350 (25.68)	1.80 (1.54–2.11)	<0.001	1.85 (1.58–2.17)	<0.001	1.79 (1.51–2.12)	<0.001

HR, hazard ratio; TL.Accel, PA.Accel, and FI.Accel represent residuals from linear models when regressing telomere length, Phenotypic age, and frailty index on chronological age, respectively; PC1, the first principal component of PA.Accel and FI.Accel through the principal component analysis.

Model 1 was a crude model; model 2 adjusted for chronological age and gender; model 3 further adjusted for ethnicity, education level, body mass index, smoking status, binge drinking status, alcohol consumption, leisure time physical activity level, and health eating index based on model 2. The bold values represent that the tests were statistically significant with two-tailed p < 0.05.