Table 1.
Inflammation and immune modulation caused by N. meningitidis from different lineages.
| Strain | Model | Cytokine/Chemokine expression | Cell surface marker expression/phenotype | Apoptosis | Overall inflammatory Profile | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cc11 | Epithelial cells | -TNF-RI, Sustained JNK activation, ↓NF-κB | ↑ | Highly inflammatory | (Deghmane et al., 2009; Deghmane et al., 2011; Besbes et al., 2015) | |
| Whole blood | ↑TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 | Oxidative Burst ↑TLR2, TLR4, HLA-DR, CD14 |
(Potmesil et al., 2014; Aass et al., 2018) | |||
| Dendritic cells | ↑IFN-α, TFN-α, IL-6, IL-8 | ↑CD86 | (Unkmeir et al., 2002a; Michea et al., 2013) | |||
| Mouse sepsis model | ↑IL-6, TNF-α, KC | (Plant et al., 2006) | ||||
| Invasive GGI isolates (cc5, cc60, cc22, cc23) | Epithelial cells | ↑TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IFN, IL-1β | ↑ | Inflammatory, low number of studies | (Guo et al., 2020) | |
| Dendritic cells | ↑IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α | (Unkmeir et al., 2002a) | ||||
| Invasive GGII isolates (cc213, cc461, cc32, cc269, cc41/44) | Epithelial cells | ↑TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IFN, IL-1β | ↓ | Inflammation, reduced apoptosis | (Pridmore et al., 2001; Massari et al., 2003; Deghmane et al., 2009) | |
| Endothelial cells | ↑IL-8, IL-6, RANTES, IFN-γ, CXCL8, CXCL1, CXCL2, CCL20 | (Dick et al., 2017; Martins Gomes et al., 2019) | ||||
| Whole blood | ↑TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-8 | Oxidative Burst ↑TLR2, TLR4, HLA-DR, CD14 |
(Potmesil et al., 2014; Aass et al., 2018) | |||
| Dendritic cells | ↑IL-6, IL-8, ↑TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, GM-CSF | No induction of CD86, CD40, CD83, HLA-I, HLA-DR by live bacteria | (Clements et al., 2001; Unkmeir et al., 2002a; Kurzai et al., 2005; Jones et al., 2007) | |||
| Macrophages | ↑TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-10 | ↓ | (Pridmore et al., 2001; Peiser et al., 2002; Tunbridge et al., 2006; Peak et al., 2016) | |||
| Mouse | ↑KC, MIP-1α, MIP-2, TNF-α, IL-1β | (Johswich et al., 2013) | ||||
| Meningeal cells | ↑CXCL3, CXCL8, IL-8, IL-6, RANTES, MCP-1, TNF-α, IκBζ, G-CSF, GM-CSF, adrenomedullin | (Christodoulides et al., 2002; Borkowski et al., 2014) | ||||
| Neutrophils | ↓ | (Peak et al., 2016) | ||||
| Carriage strains (varying ST) | Epithelial cells | ↓TNF-RI, sustained NF-κB activation | ↓ | Supressed differentiation in immune cells, reduced apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine production | (Deghmane et al., 2009; Deghmane et al., 2011; Besbes et al., 2015) | |
| Meningeal cells | ↑adrenomedullin reduced CXCL3, CXCL8, IL-8, TNF-α, IκBζ, G-CSF, GM-CSF |
(Borkowski et al., 2014) | ||||
| Whole Blood | ↑TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 | Oxidative Burst Reduced TLR2, TLR4, CD14 |
(Potmesil et al., 2014) | |||
| IMD | Patient CSF | ↑IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, RANTES, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIF ↑C1q, MBL, C3a, iC3b, C5a, sC5b-9, CFH |
↑ | (Mook-Kanamori et al., 2014; Johswich, 2017) |