Table 1.

Chemical characterization of different types of propolis, geographic distribution, botanical origin, and biological activities.

Type	Region	Main compounds	Plant source	Activity	Cell used	Reference
Green propolis	Brazil Taiwan	Apigenin Artepillin C Caffeic acid Chrysin Cinnamic acid Ferulic acid Kaempferide Narigenin Pinobanksin Rutin	Baccharis dracunculifolia Eucalyptus citriodora Araucaria angustifolia Mimosa tenuiflora	Antibacterial Antibiofilm Antioxidant	Bacillus Subtilisn Escherichia coli Listeria monocytogenes MRSA MSSA Pseudomonas aeruginosa	(Bezerra et al., 2020, Búfalo et al., 2009, Chen et al., 2018, Corrêa et al., 2020, Ferreira et al., 2017, Roberto et al., 2016)
				Antifungal	Candida albicans Candida parapsilosis Candida tropicalis
				Anti-genotoxic	Allium cepa
				Antitumour	HEp-2
Red propolis	Brazil Cuba	Artepellin C Biochanin A Flavone Homopterocarpin Liquiritigenin Lupeol Medicarpin Methyl abietate Methyl o-orsellinate Naringenin Neovestitol Pterocarpans Vestitol β-amyrin	Dalbergia ecastophyllum Clusia sp. (C. scrobiculata, C. minor, C. major, and C. rosea)	Antibacterial Antioxidant	Bacillus subtilis Enterococus faecalis Enterococcus sp. Escherichia coli Klebsiella sp. MRSA Pseudomonas aeruginosa Streptococcus mutans	(Alencar et al., 2007, Andrade et al., 2017, Cuesta-Rubio et al., 2007, Dantas Silva et al., 2017, Machado et al., 2016, Piccinelli et al., 2011, Regueira et al., 2017, Rufatto et al., 2018)
				Antiparasitic	Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes Y
				Antitumour	HCT-116 SF-295 HL-60 OVCAR-8
Brown propolis	Brazil Cuba	Artepillin C Baccharin Caffeic acids Chlorogenic acids Drupanin Kaempferide Kaempferol p-coumaric Phenylpropanoid Polyisoprenylated benzophenones Prenylated phenylpropanoids	B. dracunculifolia C. rosea	Anti-mycoplasma	Mycoplasma sp. (M. bovis, M. gallisepticum, M. genitalium, M. hominis, M. hyorinis, M. penetrans, and M. pneumonieae)	(Andrade et al., 2017, Cuesta-Rubio et al., 2007, Dantas Silva et al., 2017, de Oliveira Dembogurski et al., 2018, do Nascimento Araújo et al., 2020, Machado et al., 2016)
				Antibacterial Antibiofilm Antioxidant	Enterococcus sp. Staphylococccus aureus
				Antiparasitic	Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes Y Trichomonas vaginalis
				Antitumour	OVCAR-8
Mediterranean propolis	Greek Cyprus Malta Sicily Bulgaria Turkey Greece Algeria Croatia Morocco	Communic acid Diterpenic acids Hydroxyditerpenic acid Imbricataloic Isoagatholal Isocupressic acid Pimaric acid Pinocembrin	Cupressus sempervirens Pinus species	Antibacterial Antibiofilm Antioxidant	Enterobacter cloacae Escherichia coli Klebsiella. pneumoniae MRSA Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus mutans Streptococcus viridans	(El-Guendouz et al., 2016, Piccinelli et al., 2013, Popova et al., 2010, Velikova et al., 2000, Popova et al., 2012)
				Antifungal	Candida albicans Candida tropicalis Candida glabrata
Yellow propolis	Cuba Brazil	Acetyl triterpenes Flavanones Lanostane Lupane Oleanane Polymethoxylated Sterols Triterpenic alcohols Ursane	Undetermined	Antibacterial	Staphylococcus aureus	(Cuesta-Rubio et al., 2007, Machado et al., 2016, Márquez Hernández et al., 2010, Monzote et al., 2012)
				Antifungal	Trichophyton rubrum
				Antiprotozoal	Leishmania infantum Plasmodium falciparum Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma cruzi
				Antitumour	MRC-5 OVCAR-8
Poplar propolis	Mostly from Eurasian regions*	Acetyloxycaffeate Caffeic acid Chrysin Dihydroflavonols Galangin Henolics Phenylpropanoids Pinobanksin Pinocembrin Prenyl caffeate Salicylic acid	Populus sp. (P. nigra L., P. tremuloide, and P. alba L.)	Antifungal	Aspergillus fumigatus Candida glabrata Candida albicans Fusarium sp.	(Boisard et al., 2020, Boisard et al., 2015, de Marco et al., 2017, Dezmirean et al., 2017, Popova et al., 2007, Ristivojević et al., 2020, Vardar-Ünlü et al., 2008, Wang et al., 2014)
				Antibacterial Antibiofilm Antioxidant	Acinetobacter baumannii Bacillus cereus Enterococus sp. Escherichia coli Lactobacillus acidophilus Listeria sp. Mycobacterium smegmatis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella enteritidis Staphylococcus sp. Streptococcus sp.
				Anti-inflammatory	Murine macrophage RAW 264.7 HEK-293 T and HEK-293

(MRSA) Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. (MSSA) Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. (HEp-2) Human epidermoid carcinoma. (HCT-116) Colorectal carcinoma. (SF-295) Human glioblastoma. (HL-60) Human leukaemia. (OVCAR-8) Human ovarian carcinoma. (MRC-5) Human simian virus 40-immortalised lung fibroblasts. (HEK-293 T and HEK-293) Human embryonic kidney cells.* England, France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Poland, New Zealand, Russia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Serbia, Ukraine, Hungary, Syria, Turkey, Iran, Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, Korea, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, and the USA.