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. 2022 Apr 22;13:873332. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873332

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Copyright © 2022 Monteleone, Franzè, Troncone, Maresca and Marafini

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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IL-34 regulates inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in inflamed gut. IL-34 produced by lamina propria immune-inflammatory cells in response to TNF and toll-like-receptor stimulation stimulates immune cells to produce inflammatory cytokines and epithelial cells to secrete chemoattractants. MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NFkB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; CCL20, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL-34, interleukin-34; PGN, Peptidoglycan; CpG, 5'C-phosphate-G3'; Poly I:C, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid.