Table 1.

Summary of Findings.

Staff Categories	Personal and Support Care Staff	Nursing Care		Medical Care			Rehabilitation and Recreational Care			Others
		RN	RPN	NP	PCP	Specialists	PT	OT	RT	Social Care	Clergy	Management
Present in-person before COVID-19	Y (all)	Y (all)	1, 2, 6, 7, and 8	1, 7, and 8	Y (all)	1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 8	1,2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8	1, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8	1, 3, 5, 7, and 8	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8	1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8	Y (all)
Nature of employment	Part-time/zero hour scheduling Low wages					Few hours a week or month					Churches offer service, no remuneration from LTCHs
- Employed by LTCH	√	√	√	√			√	1, 6, 7, and 8	√	√		√
- External contractor/self-employed				√	√	√	√	1 and 7		√	√
Present during first wave of COVID-19	Y (all)	Y (all)	1, 2, 6, 7, and 8	1, 7, 8	1, 4, 7, and 8	N	1, 6, and 8	7 and 8	1 and 8	2	1, 6, and 8	Y (all)
- IP	√	√	√	√			6, 8 1	√ 1	√ 1	√ 1		√1
- Virtual		3 2		√	Mostly		1				√	Sometimes virtually present
- DNA/absent		Sometimes absent due to shortage				√	2, 4, 5, and 7	2, 4, 5, 6, and 7	3, 5, and 7	1, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8	3, 4, and 7
Overall impact of short staffing
- Missed basic care	√	√	√				√	√	√	√	√
- Reduced care quality	√	√	√			√	√	√	√	√	√
- Untenable workload	√	√	√	√			√	√	√	√	√
- Less data collection and reporting		√
- Increase reliance on agency staff	√	√	√

1 Canada; 2 China; 3 England; 4 Norway; 5 Spain; 6 Sweden; 7 Switzerland; 8 United States of America; Y: present; N: not present; RN: registered nurse; RPN: registered practical nurse; PCP: primary care physician; PT: physiotherapist; OT: occupational therapist; RT: recreation therapist; V: virtual; IP: in-person; DNA: deemed non-essential/absent; LTCH: long-term care home.

¹Not present always due to sickness and quarantine.

²residential care homes.