Fig. 7. Schematics representing (a) intrinsic morphology and thickness of laser-induced graphene (LIG) filter, which boosts filtration efficacy (b) SEM image depicting the outer fibrous carpet region of the LIG filter useful to trap larger constituents and aerosols, (c) SEM image showing porous graphene portion possessing tortuous 2.86–8.94 nm pores, which facilitate bacterial and finer particle capture, (d) LIG filter system placed on a vacuum filtration arrangement, (e) schematic depiction of filtration (top) leading to sterilization and Joule-heating assisted depyrogenation (bottom). Reprinted with permission from ref. 117, copyright American Chemical Society, 2019.