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. 2022 May 6;26:124. doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-03995-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Patient flow diagram. Among 4700 patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the J-RECOVER database, 412 adult patients were intubated after hospital admission and were therefore eligible for this study. A total of 110 (26.7%) patients underwent early intubation for whom ≤ 6 L/min of oxygen was administered immediately before intubation. Eighteen patients in the early intubation group and 39 patients in the non-early intubation group were excluded from inverse probability weighting (IPW) analyses due to missing covariates for propensity score calculation; hence, IPW analyses were performed for 355 patients