TABLE 2.
Sleep, sleep–wake rhythms and related behaviors before (T0) and during (T1) lockdown, and group comparison by time
| Comparison group (N = 1652) | ASD (N = 207) | ASD versus comparison group | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T0%(N) or mean (SD) | T1 %(N) or mean (SD) | p a | T0 %(N) or mean (SD) | T1 %(N) or mean (SD) | p a | T0 β [CI95%] | p b | T1 β [CI95%] | p b | |
| Sleep duration |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
||||||||
| <6 h | 10.1% (167) | 19.9% (329) | 9.7% (20) | 21.7% (45) | 0.20 [−0.34;0.73] | 0.47 | 0.43 [−0.01;0.87] | 0.06 | ||
| 6–7 h | 34.1% (564) | 24.6% (407) | 24.2% (50) | 20.3% (42) | −0.14 [−0.53;0.25] | 0.48 | 0.09 [−0.35;0.54] | 0.69 | ||
| 7–8 h | 43.1% (712) | 29.1% (481) | 33.3% (69) | 22.2% (46) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 8–10 h | 12.3% (204) | 24.5% (404) | 29.0% (60) | 30.0% (62) | 1.17 [0.78;1.56] | <0.001 | 0.51 [0.10;0.92] | 0.02 | ||
| >10 h | 0.3% (5) | 1.9% (31) | 3.9% (8) | 5.8% (12) | 3.17 [2.02;4.32] | <0.001 | 1.53 [0.78;2.28] | <0.001 | ||
| Bedtime | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| [21:00–22:00[ | 9.5% (157) | 4.5% (75) | 19.8% (41) | 10.1% (21) | 1.40 [0.93;1.86] | <0.001 | 1.25 [0.68;1.83] | <0.001 | ||
| [22:00–23:00[ | 36.6% (604) | 18.9% (312) | 31.9% (66) | 16.4% (34) | 0.52 [0.13;0.92] | 0.01 | 0.30 [−0.17;0.76] | 0.21 | ||
| [23:00–00:00[ | 39.6% (655) | 37.4% (618) | 22.2% (46) | 23.7% (49) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| [00:00–01:00[ | 10.7% (176) | 20.4% (337) | 13.5% (28) | 17.4% (36) | 0.77 [0.27;1.28] | <0.001 | 0.27 [−0.19;0.72] | 0.25 | ||
| [01:00–03:00[ | 3.0% (49) | 14.9% (246) | 9.2% (19) | 22.7% (47) | 1.59 [0.96;2.21] | <0.001 | 0.85 [0.42;1.29] | <0.001 | ||
| > 3:00 | 0.7% (11) | 3.9% (64) | 3.4% (7) | 9.7% (20) | 1.99 [0.97;3.01] | <0.001 | 1.33 [0.73;1.93] | <0.001 | ||
| Wake‐up time | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| <6:00 | 6.8% (113) | 4.4% (72) | 8.7% (18) | 5.8% (12) | 0.52 [−0.06;1.09] | 0.08 | 0.36 [−0.41;1.13] | 0.35 | ||
| [6:00–7:00[ | 41.9% (693) | 12.2% (202) | 29.0% (60) | 10.1% (21) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| [7:00–8:00[ | 36.0% (595) | 29.6% (489) | 27.1% (56) | 18.4% (38) | 0.05 [−0.33;0.44] | 0.79 | −0.29 [−0.85;0.28] | 0.32 | ||
| [8:00–9:00[ | 9.9% (163) | 29.4% (486) | 15.5% (32) | 21.3% (44) | 0.79 [0.32;1.25] | <0.001 | −0.10 [−0.65;0.45] | 0.71 | ||
| [9:00–11:00[ | 4.7% (78) | 19.5% (322) | 14.0% (29) | 25.6% (53) | 1.48 [0.96;1.99] | <0.001 | 0.51 [−0.04;1.05] | 0.07 | ||
| > 11:00 | 0.6% (10) | 4.9% (81) | 5.8% (12) | 18.8% (39) | 2.48 [1.57;3.38] | <0.001 | 1.55 [0.94;2.17] | <0.001 | ||
| Mid‐point of sleep (h) | 3:30 (0:54) | 4:06 (1:16) | <0.0001 | 3.31 (1:26) | 4:35 (1:40) | <0.01 | 0.29 [0.16;0.43] | <0.001 | 0.26 [0.16;0.37] | <0.001 |
| Sleep Quality (score 0–10) | 6.69 (1.79) | 5.69 (2.25) | <0.0001 | 5.58 (2.08) | 4.85 (2.49) | <0.01 | −0.30 [−0.38;‐0.23] | <0.001 | −0.17 [−0.23;‐0.11] | <0.001 |
| Day‐to‐day wake time regularity | <0.0001 | 0.0017 | ||||||||
| Varies less than1 h | 72.4% (1196) | 48.2% (797) | 58.5% (121) | 38.2% (79) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Varies between 1 and 2 h | 20.4% (337) | 36.4% (601) | 26.6% (55) | 32.9% (68) | 0.52 [0.18;0.87] | <0.001 | 0.16 [−0.18;0.51] | 0.35 | ||
| Varies more than 2 h | 7.2% (119) | 15.4% (254) | 15.0% (31) | 29.0% (60) | 0.95 [0.50;1.40] | <0.001 | 0.87 [0.49;1.24] | <0.001 | ||
| Screen time | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| <1 h | 11.9% (196) | 4.1% (67) | 12.1% (25) | 7.7% (16) | 0.29 [−0.21;0.80] | 0.25 | 1.06 [0.42;1.69] | <0.001 | ||
| 1–2 h | 32.8% (542) | 14.7% (243) | 22.7% (47) | 13.0% (27) | −0.15 [−0.56;0.26] | 0.46 | 0.25 [−0.26;0.76] | 0.33 | ||
| 2–3 h | 33.0% (545) | 30.8% (508) | 28.0% (58) | 21.3% (44) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 3–4 h | 12.8% (212) | 23.0% (380) | 16.4% (34) | 19.3% (40) | 0.33 [−0.13;0.79] | 0.16 | 0.18 [−0.27;0.63] | 0.44 | ||
| >4 h | 9.5% (157) | 27.5% (454) | 20.8% (43) | 38.6% (80) | 0.91 [0.47;1.35] | <0.001 | 0.64 [0.25;1.04] | <0.001 | ||
| Exercise | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Never | 29.9% (494) | 35.5% (586) | 45.9% (95) | 58.5% (121) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 1 time/week | 27.2% (450) | 17.1% (283) | 20.3% (42) | 15.0% (31) | −0.71 [−1.10;‐0.32] | <0.001 | −0.67 [−1.09;‐0.24] | <0.001 | ||
| 2 time/week | 20.0% (331) | 11.9% (196) | 11.6% (24) | 5.8% (12) | −1.01 [−1.48;‐0.53] | <0.001 | −1.24 [−1.86;‐0.62] | <0.001 | ||
| 3 time a week | 14.6% (241) | 13.4% (221) | 10.1% (21) | 4.3% (9) | −0.80 [−1.31;‐0.30] | <0.001 | −1.66 [−2.35;‐0.96] | <0.001 | ||
| Almost every day | 8.2% (136) | 22.2% (366) | 12.1% (25) | 16.4% (34) | −0.01 [−0.5;0.48] | 0.97 | −0.74 [−1.15;‐0.34] | <0.001 | ||
| Light exposure | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| <1 h | 27.5% (454) | 49.0% (810) | 31.4% (65) | 63.8% (132) | 0.15 [−0.21;0.51] | 0.41 | 0.42 [0.03;0.80] | 0.03 | ||
| 1–2 h | 34.4% (569) | 20.9% (346) | 35.3% (73) | 18.8% (39) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 2–3 h | 18.5% (306) | 14.6% (242) | 16.4% (34) | 9.2% (19) | −0.16 [−0.60;0.28] | 0.48 | −0.26 [−0.84;0.32] | 0.37 | ||
| 3–4 h | 8.4% (138) | 8.7% (143) | 10.1% (21) | 4.3% (9) | 0.21 [−0.32;0.74] | 0.44 | −0.56 [−1.31;0.20] | 0.15 | ||
| >4 h | 11.2% (185) | 6.7% (111) | 6.8% (14) | 3.9% (8) | −0.64 [−1.25;‐0.04] | 0.04 | −0.52 [−1.32;0.28] | 0.2 | ||
Note: p‐values are marked in bold.
a
Before (T0) versus during (T1) lockdown paired analyses (Mantel–Haenszel or Wilcoxon rank test accordingly), separately by group.
b
Logistic regression analyses of the ASD versus comparison group difference in sleep and associated behaviors, adjusted for age and sex, at T0 and T1.