TABLE.
Baseline Characteristics of Persons Living With HIV and Matched Persons Without HIV Identified From January 1, 2000, Through December 31, 2016
| Characteristic | Overall (N=425,454) |
Persons with HIV (n=38,868) | Persons without HIV (n=386,586) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
| Age (y), mean ± SD | 41.4±10.8 | 41.4±10.8 | 41.4±10.8 | .87 |
| Age category, y (No. [%]) | >.99 | |||
| 21-30 | 77,332 (18.2) | 7043 (18.1) | 70,289 (18.2) | |
| 31-40 | 135,179 (31.8) | 12,341 (31.8) | 122,838 (31.8) | |
| 41-50 | 133,169 (31.3) | 12,189 (31.4) | 120,980 (31.3) | |
| 51-60 | 62,310 (14.6) | 5691 (14.6) | 56,619 (14.6) | |
| 61-70 | 15,073 (3.5) | 1382 (3.6) | 13,691 (3.5) | |
| ≥71 | 2391 (0.6) | 222 (0.6) | 2169 (0.6) | |
| Sex (No. [%]) | .68 | |||
| Female | 52,194 (12.3) | 4743 (12.2) | 47,451 (12.3) | |
| Male | 373,260 (87.7) | 34,125 (87.8) | 339,135 (87.7) | |
| Race (No. [%]) | .98 | |||
| White | 161,351 (37.9) | 14,796 (38.1) | 146,555 (37.9) | |
| Black/African American | 89,680 (21.1) | 8161 (21.0) | 81,519 (21.1) | |
| Hispanic | 87,032 (20.5) | 7928 (20.4) | 79,104 (20.5) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 16,489 (3.9) | 1506 (3.9) | 14,983 (3.9) | |
| Other/unknown | 70,902 (16.7) | 6477 (16.7) | 64,425 (16.7) | |
| Low educational attainment (No. [%]) | <.001 | |||
| No | 261,644 (61.5) | 21,817 (56.1) | 239,827 (62.0) | |
| Yes | 83,709 (19.7) | 7159 (18.4) | 76,550 (19.8) | |
| Missing | 80,101 (18.8) | 9892 (25.5) | 70,209 (18.2) | |
| Low median household income (No. [%]) | <.001 | |||
| No | 308,141 (72.4) | 24,748 (63.7) | 283,393 (73.3) | |
| Yes | 37,078 (8.7) | 4213 (10.8) | 32,865 (8.5) | |
| Missing | 80,235 (18.9) | 9907 (25.5) | 70,328 (18.2) | |
| Baseline ART use (No. [%]) | ||||
| HIV treatment | 6637 (1.6) | 6637 (17.1) | 0 | |
| Preexposure prophylaxis | 63 (0.0) | 0 | 63 (0.0) | |
| Postexposure prophylaxis | 95 (0.0) | 0 | 95 (0.0) | |
| Hepatitis B infection | 86 (0.0) | 0 | 86 (0.0) | |
| Other | 8 (0.0) | 0 | 8 (0.0) | |
| HIV infection route (No. [%]) | ||||
| Heterosexual | 5989 (1.4) | 5989 (15.4) | NA | |
| Intravenous drug use | 2495 (0.6) | 2495 (6.4) | NA | |
| Men who have sex with men | 20,736 (4.9) | 20,736 (53.3) | NA | |
| Other | 520 (0.1) | 520 (1.3) | NA | |
| Unknown | 9128 (2.1) | 9128 (23.5) | NA | |
| Baseline HIV severity | ||||
| CD4 count (cells/mm3) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 406 (222-610) | 406 (222-610) | NA | |
| Missing (No. [%]) | 16,781 (3.9) | 16,781 (43.2) | NA | |
| <200 | 4928 (1.2) | 4928 (12.7) | NA | |
| 200-499 | 8941 (2.1) | 8941 (23.0) | NA | |
| ≥500 | 8218 (1.9) | 8218 (21.1) | NA | |
| Unknown | 16,781 (3.9) | 16,781 (43.2) | NA | |
| HIV RNA copies (/mL) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 3452 (49-47,152) | 3452 (49-47,152) | NA | |
| Missing (No. [%]) | 19,462 (4.6) | 19,462 (50.0) | NA | |
| <75 | 6537 (1.5) | 6537 (16.8) | NA | |
| 75-199 | 683 (0.2) | 683 (1.8) | NA | |
| 200-499 | 753 (0.2) | 753 (1.9) | NA | |
| ≥500 | 11,433 (2.7) | 11,433 (29.4) | NA | |
| Unknown | 19,462 (4.6) | 19,462 (50.0) | NA | |
| Medical history (No. [%]) | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation or flutter | 1753 (0.4) | 84 (0.2) | 1669 (0.4) | <.001 |
| Ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack | 894 (0.2) | 79 (0.2) | 815 (0.2) | .76 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 1111 (0.3) | 96 (0.2) | 1015 (0.3) | .57 |
| Coronary artery bypass graft | 489 (0.1) | 26 (0.1) | 463 (0.1) | .003 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 1223 (0.3) | 50 (0.1) | 1173 (0.3) | <.001 |
| Mitral or aortic valvular disease | 1233 (0.3) | 80 (0.2) | 1153 (0.3) | .001 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 529 (0.1) | 34 (0.1) | 495 (0.1) | .03 |
| Hypertension | 47,900 (11.3) | 2678 (6.9) | 45,222 (11.7) | <.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 61,774 (14.5) | 3135 (8.1) | 58,639 (15.2) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 21,317 (5.0) | 1277 (3.3) | 20,040 (5.2) | <.001 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 2004 (0.5) | 96 (0.2) | 1908 (0.5) | <.001 |
| Hypothyroidism | 6912 (1.6) | 381 (1.0) | 6531 (1.7) | <.001 |
| Chronic liver disease | 6576 (1.5) | 876 (2.3) | 5700 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 36,538 (8.6) | 3380 (8.7) | 33,158 (8.6) | .42 |
| Diagnosed dementia | 983 (0.2) | 195 (0.5) | 788 (0.2) | <.001 |
| Diagnosed depression | 22,989 (5.4) | 2966 (7.6) | 20,023 (5.2) | <.001 |
| Hospitalized bleeding | 1362 (0.3) | 137 (0.4) | 1225 (0.3) | .24 |
| Systemic cancer | 7003 (1.6) | 968 (2.5) | 6035 (1.6) | <.001 |
| Tobacco use (No. [%]) | <.001 | |||
| None | 366,991 (86.3) | 33,491 (86.2) | 333,500 (86.3) | |
| Passive smoker | 2190 (0.5) | 63 (0.4) | 2,027 (0.5) | |
| Former smoker | 26,213 (6.2) | 1904 (4.9) | 24,309 (6.3) | |
| Current smoker | 30,060 (7.1) | 3310 (8.5) | 26,750 (6.9) | |
| Baseline medication (No. [%]) | ||||
| ACE inhibitor | 22,526 (5.3) | 1001 (2.6) | 21,525 (5.6) | <.001 |
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 3794 (0.9) | 127 (0.3) | 3667 (0.9) | <.001 |
| β-Blocker | 16,529 (3.9) | 821 (2.1) | 15,708 (4.1) | <.001 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 9582 (2.3) | 471 (1.2) | 9111 (2.4) | <.001 |
| Diuretic | 14,703 (3.5) | 691 (1.8) | 14,012 (3.6) | <.001 |
| Aldosterone receptor antagonist | 440 (0.1) | 50 (0.1) | 390 (0.1) | .10 |
| α-Blocker | 4362 (1.0) | 278 (0.7) | 4084 (1.1) | <.001 |
| Statin | 23,591 (5.5) | 905 (2.3) | 22,686 (5.9) | <.001 |
| Other lipid-lowering agent | 3254 (0.8) | 322 (0.8) | 2,932 (0.8) | .13 |
| Nonaspirin antiplatelet agent | 2,072 (0.5) | 151 (0.4) | 1921 (0.5) | .003 |
| Anticoagulant | 1640 (0.4) | 124 (0.3) | 1516 (0.4) | .03 |
| Diabetic therapy | 14,896 (3.5) | 673 (1.7) | 14,223 (3.7) | <.001 |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug | 33,764 (7.9) | 2613 (6.7) | 31.151 (8.1) | <.001 |
| Vital signs | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||
| Mean ±SD | 123.8±13.6 | 121.9±14.4 | 124.0±13.5 | <.001 |
| Missing (No. [%]) | 276,536 (65.0) | 27,536 (70.8) | 249,000 (64.4) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 74.4±10.2 | 73.6±10.7 | 74.5±10.2 | <.001 |
| Missing (No. [%]) | 276,535 (65.0) | 27,536 (70.8) | 248,999 (64.4) | |
| Body mass index | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 29.0±6.2 | 26.4±5.5 | 29.2±6.2 | <.001 |
| Missing (No. [%]) | 285,853 (67.2) | 28,599 (73.6) | 257,254 (66.5) | |
| Laboratory results | ||||
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m2 (No. [%]) | ||||
| >150 | 436 (0.1) | 71 (0.2) | 365 (0.1) | <.001 |
| 90-150 | 86,679 (20.4) | 9017 (23.2) | 77,662 (20.1) | |
| 60-89 | 48,906 (11.5) | 3748 (9.6) | 45,158 (11.7) | |
| 45-59 | 2851 (0.7) | 315 (0.8) | 2536 (0.7) | |
| 30-44 | 604 (0.1) | 90 (0.2) | 514 (0.1) | |
| 15-29 | 224 (0.1) | 34 (0.1) | 190 (0.0) | |
| <15 | 104 (0.0) | 19 (0.0) | 85 (0.0) | |
| Long-term dialysis | 201 (0.0) | 21 (0.1) | 180 (0.0) | |
| Previous renal transplant | 211 (0.0) | 8 (0.0) | 203 (0.1) | |
| Unknown | 285,238 (67.0) | 25,545 (65.7) | 259,693 (67.2) | |
| Documented proteinuria (No. [%]) | <.001 | |||
| No | 410,604 (96.5) | 36,720 (94.5) | 373,884 (96.7) | |
| Yes | 14,850 (3.5) | 2148 (5.5) | 12,702 (3.3) | |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL (No. [%]) | <.001 | |||
| ≥60 | 24,098 (5.7) | 1076 (2.8) | 23,022 (6.0) | |
| 50–59 | 31,010 (7.3) | 1569 (4.0) | 29,441 (7.6) | |
| 40-49 | 46,875 (11.0) | 2815 (7.2) | 44,060 (11.4) | |
| 35-39 | 20,442 (4.8) | 1811 (4.7) | 18,631 (4.8) | |
| <35 | 16,802 (3.9) | 2861 (7.4) | 13,941 (3.6) | |
| Unknown | 286,227 (67.3) | 28,736 (73.9) | 257,491 (66.6) | |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL (No. [%]) | ||||
| ≥200 | 2171 (0.5) | 105 (0.3) | 2066 (0.5) | <.001 |
| 160-199 | 12,138 (2.9) | 536 (1.4) | 11,602 (3.0) | |
| 130-159 | 28,654 (6.7) | 1412 (3.6) | 27,242 (7.0) | |
| 100-129 | 43,066 (10.1) | 2857 (7.4) | 40,209 (10.4) | |
| 70-99 | 32,039 (7.5) | 2996 (7.7) | 29,043 (7.5) | |
| <70 | 9874 (2.3) | 1299 (3.3) | 8575 (2.2) | |
| unknown | 297,512 (69.9) | 29,663 (76.3) | 267,849 (69.3) |
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ART, antiretroviral therapy; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable.