Table 3.
Linear regression models of physical activity with sarcopenia related traits by gender and age groups
| Female | Male | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | Variables | Regular exercise- < 3/week b (95% CI) |
Regular exercise- ≥ 3/week b (95% CI) |
Regular exercise- < 3/week b (95% CI) |
Regular exercise- ≥ 3/week b (95% CI) |
|
| 45 to 64 | Model 1 | Reference = no regular exercise | Reference = no regular exercise | |||
| Whole body lean mass | -0.90*(-1.63, -0.18) | -0.84**(-1.31, -0.37) | 0.38 (-0.67, 1.42) | -0.59*(-1.24, 0.06) | ||
| ASM | -0.39 (-0.77, 0.01) | -0.33** (-0.58, -0.08) | -0.27 (-0.63, 0.10) | 0.17 (-0.43, 0.77) | ||
| SMI | -0.23 (-0.37, -0.09) | -0.16*** (-0.11, -0.22) | -0.08 (-0.19, 0.02) | 0.03 (-0.36, 0.20) | ||
| Grip strength | 0.18 (-0.61, 0.98) | 0.26 (-0.25, 0.78) | 1.36**(0.59, 2.13) | 1.78**(0.54, 3.02) | ||
| Model 2 | Reference = no regular exercise | Reference = no regular exercise | ||||
| Whole body lean mass | 0.31 (-0.04, 0.66) | 1.12***(0.89, 1.34) | 0.65* (0.13, 1.56) | 0.67***(0.35, 0.99) | ||
| ASM | 0.57 (0.28, 0.87) | 0.46*** (0.27, 0.87) | 0.23* (0.05, 0.43) | 0.71*** (0.58, 0.83) | ||
| SMI | -0.03 (-0.11, 0.49) | 0.16***(0.10, 0.21) | 0.13 (-0.10, 2.72) | 0.10*** (0.82, 2.57) | ||
| Grip strength | 0.57 (-0.34, 1.47) | 0.68**(0.11, 1.26) | 1.31* (0.13, 2.94) | 1.70**(0.93, 2.67) | ||
| ≥ 65 | Model 1 | Reference = no regular exercise | Reference = no regular exercise | |||
| Whole body lean mass | -1.99**(-3.38, -0.61) | -2.03**(-2.87, -1.19) | -0.54 (-3.41, 2.34) | -1.99*(-3.60, -0.39) | ||
| ASM | -0.78***(-1.19, -0.37) | -0.96**(-1.63, -0.28) | 0.38 (-1.39, 0.11) | 0.17 (-1.18, 1.52) | ||
| SMI | -0.36** (-0.37, -0.21) | -0.37*** (-0.11, -0.12) | -0.08 (-0.45, 0.30) | -0.22* (-0.43, -0.01) | ||
| Grip strength | -0.10 (-1.66, 1.46) | 0.10 (-0.84, 1.05) | 2.11 (-1.57, 5.78) | 0.62 (-1.44, 2.68) | ||
| Model 2 | Reference = no regular exercise | Reference = no regular exercise | ||||
| Whole body lean mass | 0.14 (-0.52, 1.81) | 0.55**(0.14, 0.96) | -0.54 (-1.72, 0.63) | 0.91**(0.23, 1.57) | ||
| ASM | 0.03 (-0.33, 0.39) | 0.42*** (0.19, 0.64) | 0.12 (-0.58, 0.83) | 0.63** (0.23, 1.03) | ||
| SMI | -0.03 (-0.04, 0.14) | 0.05 (-0.17, 0.12) | -0.09 (-0.07, 0.23) | 0.08 (-0.36, 0.17) | ||
| Grip strength | 0.27 (-0.27, 0.73) | 0.63 (-0.32, 1.81) | 2.42 (-1.57, 5.78) | 1.90 (-0.09, 3.89) | ||
In model 1, age in years, race/ethnicity, calcium supplement intake, smoking status, alcohol drinking, milk consumption, and at least 15 min sun exposure a day, plus postmenopausal in females. In model 2, in addition to variables adjusted in model 1, body weight was adjusted
Note: BMI = Body mass index; Lean mass = whole body lean mass; ASM = appendicular skeletal muscle mass (the added muscle mass of four limbs). SMI = skeletal muscle index. Regular exercise: “no regular exercise” as the reference group; b = regression parameter estimates
* < 0.05. ** < 0.01 *** < 0.001