Table 3.

Key Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) studies in patients on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.

Study	Year	CGM device; study duration	Mode of dialysis	Participants	Key findings
Kazempour-Ardebili et al. (60)	2009	Unknown (48 hours)	HD	19 T2D	Mean sensor glucose was lower during HD days than HD-free days Mean sensor glucose and sensor glucose AUC on post-HD days were significantly higher than HD days Nocturnal sensor mean glucose and sensor glucose AUC showed same pattern
Gai et al. (51)	2014	Medtronic Ipro2 (6 Days, Blinded)	HD	12 DM	Median CGM reading was lower than dialysate glucose concentration for 87% of time Post-HD hyperglycemia observed in 75% of subjects
Jung et al. (61)	2010	Medtronic Gold (3 days, Blinded)	HD	9 T2D	Significantly lower mean sensor glucose during HD sessions regardless of glucose concentration of dialysate solution Hypoglycaemic events were concentrated on the day of HD session
Jin et al. (62)	2014	Medtronic Minimed (3 days, Blinded)	HD	36 T2D, 10 non-DM	Significantly lower mean sensor glucose during HD sessions compared with peri-HD sessions in patients with or without diabetes Diabetes patients suffered greater loss in glucose during HD session, and greater post-HD hyperglycemia than their non-diabetes counterparts
Mirani et al. (63)	2010	GlucoDay (2 days, Blinded)	HD	12T2D	Hypoglycaemia observed in post-HD period Rebounded hyperglycemia observed after post-HD hypoglycaemia Significant higher glycemic variability in SD for HD day when compared with non-HD day
Padmanabhan et al. (64)	2018	Freestyle LibrePro (14 days, Blinded)	HD	16 DM + 16 non-DM	Significantly fewer hypoglycaemic episodes during days of dialysis with glucose-rich dialysate than glucose-free dialysate Significantly lower % TBR and lower % TAR during days of dialysis with glucose-rich dialysate than glucose-free dialysate Significantly less loss in effluent glucose irrespective to diabetic state during days using glucose-rich dialysate than glucose-free dialysate
Hayashi et al. (65)	2021	Medtronic Gold (2 days, blinded) & Medtronic Ipro 2 (2 days, blinded)	HD	98 T2D	Reduced sensor glucose irrespective of the dialysate glucose concentration (100, 125, 150 mg/dl) 50% of patients reached a nadir lower than dialysate glucose concentration, 21% of patients developed asymptomatic hypoglycaemic events during HD and post-HD session Glycemic variability and % TBR increase in patients who experienced hypoglycaemic events than their counterparts without events
Schwing et al. (66)	2004	Medtronic Minimed (3 Days, Blinded)	PD	7 DM	Increase in sensor glucose after dialysate exchange in two representative patients
Lee et al. (67)	2013	Medtronic Minimed (3 days, Blinded)	PD	25 DM	Increase in sensor glucose within 60 minutes of refilling glucose-rich dialysate Reduced sensor glucose in icodextrin dialysate after refilling
Marshall et al. (68)	2003	Medtronic Minimed (3 days, Blinded)	PD	8 DM	Mean sensor glucose and glycemic variability in % CV significantly lower when switching from glucose-rich dialysate to glucose-free dialysate
Qayyum et al. (69)	2016	Dexcom G4 (7 days, real time CGM)	PD	60 T1/T2D	Sensor-detected hypoglycaemia in subgroup of patients with A1c >9%
Okada et al. (70)	2015	Medtronic Gold (3 days, Blinded)	PD	20 DM	Frequent sensor-detected hyperglycemia observed despite well controlled A1c
Skubala et al. (71)	2010	Medtronic Minimed (3 days, Blinded)	PD	16 T1/T2D 14 non-DM 13 healthy control	Significant difference in mean sensor glucose and mean changes in sensor glucose after dialysate exchange in subgroup of patients with HPT versus H-APT Peritoneal transport status influenced mean 24-hour sensor glucose in non-diabetic patients on PD as well as mean sensor glucose and mean changes in sensor glucose after dialysate exchange in diabetic patients on PD

AUC, area under the curve; HD, hemodialysis; PD, peritoneal dialysis; HPT, high peritoneal transport; HAPT, high average peritoneal transport; T1D, Type 1 diabetes; T2D, Type 2 diabetes; DM, diabetes mellitus; TBR, time below range; TAR, time above range.