Table 1. Characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems, worldwide, 1 January 2012−27 September 2020 (n = 32).
| Country | Included report(s) | Surveillance system namea | Est. | System typeb | Coveragec | Data sourcesd | Number of isolates | Timeframe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WHO African Region | ||||||||
| Ghana | [24] | (United States) Armed Forces Health Surveillance Centre (AFHSC) Network | NA | Other | Subnational | Military clinics, hospitals | 13 | 2012–13 |
| Kenya | [25] | NA | NA | Other | Subnational | Sex worker outreach | 238 | 2012–15 |
| South Africa | [26,27] | NA | 2005 | Sentinel | Subnational | Primary care | 4,224e | 2008–15 |
| Côte d'Ivoire | [29] | NA | NA | Sentinel | National | Sexual health | 212 | 2014–17 |
| Zimbabwe | [28] | NA | NA | Sentinel | Subnational | Primary care | 102 | 2015–16 |
| WHO Region of the Americas | ||||||||
| Argentina | [30] | Gonococcal antimicrobial surveillance system | 1983 | Other | National | Hospitals | 1,987 | 2009–13 |
| Brazil | [31] | NA | NA | Sentinel | National | Sexual health, hospitals | 550 | 2015–16 |
| Canada | [32,33,39] | National Surveillance of Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of N. gonorrhoeae | 1985 | Comprehensive | National | NA | 4,538 | 2016 |
| United States | [34-37] | Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) | 1986 | Sentinel | National | Sexual health | 5,160 | 2018 |
| [37,38] | Enhanced Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (eGISP) | 2017 | Sentinel | Subnational | Sexual health | 16,842f | 2017–18 | |
| [37] | Strengthening the US. Response to Resistant Gonorrhoea (SURRG) | 2016 | Sentinel | Subnational | Sexual health | |||
| WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region | ||||||||
| Morocco | [40] | NA | 1998 | Sentinel | National | Primary care | 72 | 2009 |
| WHO European Region | ||||||||
| Austria | [41] | NA | NA | Other | National | Sexual health | 3,584 | 2010–14 |
| Belarus | [42] | NA | 2009 | Sentinel | Subnational | Sexual health | 193 | 2010–13 |
| United Kingdom | [43,44] | Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme (England and Wales) | 2000 | Sentinel | Subnational | Sexual health | 1,284 | 2016 |
| [45,46] | Second Generation Surveillance System (England and Wales) | NA | Comprehensive | National | NA | 17,099 | 2016 | |
| Scotland | [47,54] | Gonococcal Antibiotic Surveillance in Scotland (GASS) | NA | Comprehensive | National | Primary care, Sexual health | 3,168 | 2018 |
| France | [48] | Rénago - National Gonorrhoea Network | NA | Sentinel | National | NA | 8,649 | 2001–12 |
| Germany | [49] | Gonococcal Resistance Network (GORENET) | 2014 | Sentinel | National | NA | 1,654 | 2014–15 |
| Italy | [50] | NA | NA | NA | National | Sexual health | 1,688 | 2009–16 |
| Netherlands | [51] | NA | 2007 | Other | Subnational | Sexual health | 11,678 | 2007–15 |
| Russia | [52] | Russian Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (RU-GASP) | 2004 | Other | National | Sexual health | 5,038 | 2005–16 |
| Switzerland | [53] | NA | NA | Other | Subnational | NA | 318 | 1990, 2000–12 |
| WHO South-East Asia Region | ||||||||
| India | [55] | NA | NA | Other | Subnational | Sexual health | 124 | 2013–16 |
| Nepal | [56] | NA | 1998 | Other | National | Not specified | 181 | 1999–2012 |
| Thailand | [57] | Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (E-GASP) | 2015 | Sentinel | Subnational | Sexual health | 590 | 2015–16 |
| WHO Western Pacific Region | ||||||||
| Australia | [64] | Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme | 1979 | Comprehensive | National | All sites | 9,668 | 2019 |
| China | [58] | China Gonococcal Resistance Surveillance Programme (Mainland China) | 1987 | Sentinel | Subnational | Sexual health | 3,849g | 2013–16 |
| [59] | Hong Kong SAR | NA | Other | National | Sexual health | 947 | 2010 | |
| Japan | [60] | NA | NA | Other | National | Medical institutions | 2,471 | 2000–15 |
| Korea | [61] | NA | NA | Other | National | All sites | 210 | 2011–13 |
| New Zealand | [62,63] | NA | NA | Comprehensive | National | NA | 667 | 2014–15 |
| Multi-country Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programmes | ||||||||
| Europe | [65-68,70] | Euro-GASP | 2009 | Sentinel | Supp.h | Supp.h | NA | 2010–18 |
| Latin America and the Caribbean | [71] | LAC-GASP | 1990 | Other | Supp.h | Supp.h | NA | 1990–2011 |
| South-East Asia | [72] | SEAR-GASP | 1997 | Other | Supp.h | Supp.h | NA | 2009–12, 2016 |
| Western Pacific | [73] | WPR-GASP | 1992 | Other | Supp.h | Supp.h | NA | 2016 |
| Global GASP | [88,89] | NA | 1990 | Mixed | Supp.h | Supp.h | NA | 2009–14, 2016 |
Est.: year established; GASP: gonococcal antimicrobial surveillance programmes; NA: not available in cited publication(s); SAR: special administrative region; Supp.: supplementary materials.
a The names of surveillance systems were listed if available.
b System type: comprehensive: includes all healthcare providers and laboratories; sentinel: selected sites chosen on specified criteria; other: selected sites by criteria not specified.
c Coverage: national: country-wide of greater than 50% of all states or provinces; subnational: less than 50% of states and provinces.
d Data sources: primary care including general practice, community health centres and clinics, sexual health services including clinics and networks for diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmissible infections, genitourinary medicine departments, dermato-venereology services.
e From two geographic areas only.
f Samples across Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), Enhanced Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (eGISP) and Strengthening the US. Response to Resistant Gonorrhoea (SURRG) [37].
g From seven (of nine) provinces only.
h See Supplementary materials for description of individual country components of multi-country surveillance reports.