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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 15.
Published in final edited form as: AAPS J. 2022 Mar 15;24(2):43. doi: 10.1208/s12248-022-00692-3

Figure 6. Approaches implementing nanoparticles for the direct reprogramming of somatic cells.

Figure 6.

(A) Induced hepatocyte-like cells (iHeps) converted from mouse fibroblasts using MSN/PEI/Transcription factor nanocomplexes. (B) Successful conversion into iHeps by quantitative expression, showing gradual downregulation of Col1a1, Desmin and Fsp1 (fibroblasts genes) and upregulation of hepatocyte genes (rest of the genes) in the treatment group compared to other groups (Adapted from Wang et al., 2020. Ref 61). (C) Schematic illustration of direct injection of PEI/gold nanoparticles loaded with GMT genes (AuNP/GMT/PEI) into the heart of a mouse. (D) Cell cytometry analysis showing efficient reprogramming from mouse embryonic fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes after using AuNP/GMT/PEI nanocomplexes by the expression of αMHC. (E) Upregulation of cardiomyocyte genes in the treatment group compared to control via qRT-PCR. (F) immunostaining of injured heart displaying a significant increase in the number of cardiac Troponin T + (cTNT) and α-MHC+ cells relative to controls (Adapted from Chang et al., 2019. Ref 62).