Table 1.
Tracers and Tracer Analogs Used for the Noninvasive Assessment of Myocardial Metabolic Reactions in Vivo
| Radionuclide | Half-life | Compound | Present Use |
|---|---|---|---|
|
SPECT
| |||
| 123I | 13.3 h | IPPA | Fatty acid uptake, oxidation, and storage |
| BMIPP | Fatty acid storage | ||
| 99mTc | 6.0 h | Annexin-V | Apoptosis |
|
PET | |||
| 15O | 2.0 min | 15O2 | Oxygen consumption |
| 11C | 20.4 min | Acetate | Oxygen consumption |
| Palmitate | Fatty acid uptake, oxidation, and storage | ||
| Glucose | Glucose uptake, glycolysis, oxidation, and glycogen turnover | ||
| Lactate | Lactate uptake and oxidation | ||
| KSM-01 | PPARα activation | ||
| Glutamate | Amino acid oxidation | ||
| Aspartate | Amino acid oxidation | ||
| Methionine | Amino acid oxidation | ||
| Acetoacetate | Ketone body metabolism | ||
| β-hydroxybutyrate | Ketone body metabolism | ||
| 18F | 110 min | FDG | Glucose transport and phosphorylation |
| FBEM-Cys40-exedin-4 | Glucagon-like peptide-1 | ||
| FTHA, FTP, FCPHA, and FTO | Fatty acid uptake and oxidation | ||
| F7 | Fatty acid uptake, oxidation and storage | ||
| F3 | PPARγ activation | ||
| Fatty acid uptake, oxidation, and storage | |||
Abbreviations used: BMIPP indicates 123I-β-methyl-iodophenyl pentadecanoic acid; F3, 2-chloro-N-(4-(2-fluoroethyl)phenyl)-5-nitrobenzamide; F7, 15-(4-(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl)pentadecanoic acid; FCPHA, trans-9(RS)-18F-fluoro-3,4(RS,RS)-methyleneheptadecanoic acid; FDG, fluorodeoxyglucose; FTHA,14-(R,S)-fluoro-6-thiaheptadecanoic acid; FTO, 18-fluoro-4-thia-oleate; FTP, 16-fluoro-4-thia-palmitate; IPPA, p-123I-iodophenylpentadecanoic acid; KSM-01, p-methoxyphenyl ureidothiobutyric derivative, a peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor agonist; PET, positron emission tomography; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; and SPECT, single-photon emission computed tomography.