Table 2.

Summary of methodological quality of studies using COSMIN risk of bias and measurement properties. COSMIN, COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments; FPS, faces pain scale; LoE, Level of evidence using GRADE approach reported as: High, Moderate, Low, or Very low; NRS, numerical rating scale; OBS, objective pain score; VDS, verbal descriptor scale. Ratings for overall quality reported as sufficient (+), insufficient (–), inconsistent (+/–), indeterminate (?). Empty cells indicate no available results for measurement properties.

First author, year	Content validity	Structural validity	Internal consistency	Cross-cultural validity	Reliability	Measurement error	Criterion validity	Construct validity/convergent	Responsiveness
VAS Methodological quality assessment (COSMIN risk of bias)
Banos, 198934								Adequate
Akinpelu, 200230								Doubtful
Briggs, 199935								Adequate
Fadaizadeh, 200939								Adequate
DeLoach, 199838								Doubtful
Li, 200747					Inadequate			Adequate	Inadequate
Gagliese, 20056							Inadequate	Inadequate
Gagliese, 200340								inadequate	Inadequate
Myles, 201748					Inadequate
Jensen, 200245									Inadequate
Danoff, 201837						Adequate
Hamzat, 200942				Inadequate
Rating  LoE				? Very low	+ Low	? Moderate	? Very low	+ High	? Low
NRS Methodological quality assessment (COSMIN risk of bias)
Van Dijk, 201254								Adequate
Li, 200747					Inadequate			Adequate	Inadequate
Li, 200946					Inadequate			Adequate	Inadequate
Zhou, 201156					Inadequate		Adequate	Adequate
Gagliese, 20056							Inadequate	Inadequate
Aziato, 201533					Inadequate			Doubtful	Inadequate
Rating  LoE					+ Low		+/– Low	+ High	? Low
VDS Methodological quality assessment (COSMIN risk of bias)
Banos, 198934								Adequate
Briggs, 199935								Adequate
Van Dijk, 201254								Adequate
Li, 200747					Inadequate			Adequate
Zhou, 201156					Inadequate		Adequate	Adequate
Gagliese, 20056							Inadequate	Inadequate
Jensen, 200245									Inadequate
Rating  LoE					+ Low		+/– Low	+/– High	? Low
FPS Methodological quality assessment (COSMIN risk of bias)
Fadaizadeh, 200939								Adequate
Van Giang, 201555								Adequate	Doubtful
Li, 200747					Inadequate			Adequate	Inadequate
Li, 200946					Inadequate			Adequate	Inadequate
Zhou, 201156					Inadequate		Adequate	Adequate
Aziato, 201533					Inadequate			Doubtful	Inadequate
Rating  LoE					+ Low		+ Moderate	+ High	? Low
OPS Methodological quality assessment (COSMIN risk of bias)
Tandon, 201653								Doubtful
Rating  LoE								+ Very low