Table 1.
Summary Statistics
| All | Women | Men | Difference | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p |
| Panel A: Individual characteristics | |||||||
| Male | 0.398 | 0.490 | |||||
| Age | 59.499 | 11.833 | 59.171 | 11.983 | 59.997 | 11.595 | .175 |
| Years of schooling | 3.569 | 3.433 | 2.794 | 3.084 | 4.743 | 3.600 | .000 |
| Wealth | |||||||
| Second tertile | 0.386 | 0.487 | 0.416 | 0.493 | 0.341 | 0.475 | .003 |
| Third tertile | 0.258 | 0.438 | 0.198 | 0.399 | 0.349 | 0.477 | .000 |
| Married | 0.726 | 0.446 | 0.588 | 0.492 | 0.935 | 0.247 | .000 |
| Balaka | 0.344 | 0.475 | 0.368 | 0.482 | 0.308 | 0.462 | .015 |
| Mchinji | 0.327 | 0.469 | 0.300 | 0.459 | 0.367 | 0.482 | .005 |
| Rumphi | 0.329 | 0.470 | 0.332 | 0.471 | 0.324 | 0.468 | .752 |
| Panel B: Pain variables | |||||||
| No lasting pain | 0.380 | 0.485 | 0.337 | 0.473 | 0.445 | 0.497 | .000 |
| Slight | 0.129 | 0.336 | 0.144 | 0.351 | 0.107 | 0.309 | .031 |
| Moderate | 0.181 | 0.385 | 0.174 | 0.379 | 0.193 | 0.395 | .331 |
| Severe | 0.113 | 0.317 | 0.118 | 0.323 | 0.105 | 0.307 | .438 |
| Disabling | 0.197 | 0.398 | 0.227 | 0.419 | 0.150 | 0.357 | .000 |
| Duration | |||||||
| <1 month | 0.528 | 0.499 | 0.568 | 0.496 | 0.468 | 0.499 | .000 |
| 2–3 months | 0.060 | 0.238 | 0.059 | 0.236 | 0.062 | 0.242 | .793 |
| 3+ months | 0.031 | 0.174 | 0.036 | 0.186 | 0.024 | 0.153 | .183 |
| Panel C: Pain variables conditional on pain | |||||||
| Slight | 0.209 | 0.407 | 0.217 | 0.413 | 0.193 | 0.395 | .359 |
| Moderate | 0.292 | 0.455 | 0.262 | 0.440 | 0.348 | 0.477 | .005 |
| Severe | 0.182 | 0.386 | 0.178 | 0.383 | 0.190 | 0.393 | .645 |
| Disabling | 0.317 | 0.466 | 0.343 | 0.475 | 0.270 | 0.445 | .019 |
| Duration | |||||||
| <1 month | 0.852 | 0.355 | 0.857 | 0.351 | 0.844 | 0.363 | .604 |
| 2–3 months | 0.097 | 0.297 | 0.089 | 0.285 | 0.112 | 0.316 | .242 |
| 3+ months | 0.050 | 0.219 | 0.054 | 0.226 | 0.043 | 0.204 | .456 |
| Any treatment | 0.946 | 0.226 | 0.946 | 0.226 | 0.945 | 0.228 | .967 |
| Panel D: Mental health and well-being | |||||||
| SF-12 mental health | 49.481 | 10.367 | 48.481 | 10.652 | 51.003 | 9.730 | .000 |
| PHQ-9 depression score | 4.247 | 4.281 | 4.655 | 4.408 | 3.630 | 4.006 | .000 |
| GAD-7 anxiety score | 3.552 | 3.467 | 3.951 | 3.589 | 2.947 | 3.182 | .000 |
| Subjective well-being | 3.637 | 1.026 | 3.561 | 0.998 | 3.751 | 1.057 | .000 |
| Depression level | |||||||
| At least mild | 0.394 | 0.489 | 0.435 | 0.496 | 0.332 | 0.471 | .000 |
| At least moderate | 0.104 | 0.305 | 0.117 | 0.321 | 0.085 | 0.278 | .040 |
| Suicidal/self-harming thoughts | 0.073 | 0.260 | 0.093 | 0.290 | 0.043 | 0.203 | .000 |
| Observations | 1,577 | 950 | 627 | 1,577 | |||
Notes: Summary statistics for the whole sample and by gender. The last column indicates the p value from a two-sample t test of the difference between men and women means. No lasting pain indicates no pain episodes that lasted at least 1 week in the past year.