Table 2.
Models Showing Associations Between Pain and Individual Characteristics
| Any lasting pain | Severity | Duration | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regressors | No lasting pain | Mild | Moderate | Severe | Disabling | No lasting pain | <1 month | 2–3 months | >3 months | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
| Male | −0.115** (0.028) | 0.117** (0.024) | 0.005** (0.002) | −0.014** (0.003) | −0.023** (0.005) | −0.085** (0.018) | 0.087** (0.025) | −0.049** (0.014) | −0.021** (0.006) | −0.016** (0.005) |
| Age 50–59 | 0.072* (0.033) | −0.033 (0.029) | −0.001 (0.001) | 0.005 (0.004) | 0.007 (0.006) | 0.022 (0.019) | −0.070* (0.030) | 0.044* (0.020) | 0.015* (0.007) | 0.010* (0.005) |
| Age 60–69 | 0.101** (0.035) | −0.073* (0.031) | −0.003† (0.002) | 0.010* (0.004) | 0.014* (0.006) | 0.052* (0.022) | −0.093** (0.032) | 0.057** (0.020) | 0.021** (0.008) | 0.015** (0.006) |
| Age 70+ | 0.110** (0.039) | −0.083* (0.034) | −0.004† (0.002) | 0.010* (0.004) | 0.016* (0.007) | 0.060* (0.025) | −0.138** (0.035) | 0.079** (0.020) | 0.034** (0.009) | 0.025** (0.007) |
| Years of schooling | −0.008† (0.005) | 0.003 (0.004) | 0.000 (0.000) | −0.000 (0.001) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.002 (0.003) | 0.008† (0.004) | −0.004† (0.003) | −0.002† (0.001) | −0.001† (0.001) |
| Wealth second tertile | 0.023 (0.030) | 0.012 (0.025) | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.001 (0.003) | −0.002 (0.005) | −0.009 (0.018) | −0.023 (0.026) | 0.013 (0.015) | 0.006 (0.007) | 0.004 (0.005) |
| Wealth third tertile | 0.056 (0.036) | −0.025 (0.031) | −0.001 (0.001) | 0.003 (0.004) | 0.005 (0.006) | 0.018 (0.023) | −0.042 (0.032) | 0.024 (0.018) | 0.010 (0.008) | 0.008 (0.006) |
| Married | 0.056† (0.031) | −0.052† (0.027) | −0.002† (0.001) | 0.006† (0.003) | 0.010† (0.005) | 0.038† (0.020) | −0.035 (0.028) | 0.020 (0.016) | 0.009 (0.007) | 0.007 (0.005) |
| Balaka | 0.067* (0.032) | −0.021 (0.027) | −0.001 (0.002) | 0.002 (0.003) | 0.004 (0.005) | 0.016 (0.021) | −0.051† (0.028) | 0.027† (0.015) | 0.013† (0.008) | 0.011† (0.006) |
| Rumphi | −0.070* (0.033) | 0.071* (0.029) | 0.002† (0.001) | −0.010* (0.004) | −0.014* (0.006) | −0.049* (0.020) | 0.053† (0.030) | −0.033† (0.019) | −0.012† (0.007) | −0.008† (0.005) |
Notes: The table shows average marginal effects from probit regression models (any pain) or ordered probit regressions models (severity and duration). No lasting pain indicates no pain episodes that lasted at least 1 week in the past year. Severity of pain is a categorical variable with five groups from no lasting pain to disabling pain. Duration of pain is a categorical variable with four groups from no lasting pain to pain that lasts more than 3 months. The reference categories are female, age <50 years, first tertile of the wealth distribution, single marital status (includes single, divorced, and widowed), and residing in Mchinji.
†p < .1, *p < .05, **p < .01.