Table 3.
Models Showing Association Between Mental Health and Well-Being With Pain Severity and Duration
| SF-12 mental health | PHQ-9 depression score | GAD-7 anxiety score | Subjective well-being | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regressors | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) |
| Slight | −0.147† (0.079) | −0.143† (0.079) | 0.133† (0.077) | 0.129† (0.077) | 0.134† (0.077) | 0.130† (0.077) | −0.005 (0.080) | −0.004 (0.080) | ||||
| Moderate | −0.268** (0.069) | −0.254** (0.070) | 0.316** (0.068) | 0.291** (0.068) | 0.296** (0.067) | 0.274** (0.068) | −0.210** (0.070) | −0.199** (0.071) | ||||
| Severe | −0.378** (0.084) | −0.312** (0.087) | 0.517** (0.082) | 0.446** (0.085) | 0.479** (0.081) | 0.405** (0.084) | −0.191* (0.084) | −0.161† (0.088) | ||||
| Disabling | −0.426** (0.068) | −0.373** (0.070) | 0.536** (0.066) | 0.468** (0.069) | 0.538** (0.066) | 0.471** (0.068) | −0.190** (0.069) | −0.161* (0.071) | ||||
| Duration <1 month | −0.272** (0.052) | 0.329** (0.051) | 0.318** (0.051) | −0.137** (0.053) | ||||||||
| Duration 2–3 months | −0.488** (0.106) | −0.167 (0.106) | 0.559** (0.104) | 0.144 (0.104) | 0.541** (0.103) | 0.144 (0.103) | −0.168 (0.108) | −0.003 (0.108) | ||||
| Duration >3 months | −0.666** (0.143) | −0.327* (0.143) | 0.957** (0.140) | 0.525** (0.140) | 0.934** (0.139) | 0.510** (0.139) | −0.467** (0.145) | −0.301* (0.145) | ||||
| Male | 0.176** (0.058) | 0.185** (0.057) | 0.178** (0.058) | −0.174** (0.056) | −0.184** (0.056) | −0.174** (0.056) | −0.209** (0.056) | −0.220** (0.056) | −0.208** (0.056) | 0.105† (0.058) | 0.102† (0.058) | 0.103† (0.058) |
| Age 50–59 | −0.074 (0.066) | −0.062 (0.066) | −0.069 (0.066) | 0.011 (0.064) | −0.009 (0.064) | 0.002 (0.064) | 0.022 (0.064) | 0.002 (0.064) | 0.014 (0.064) | −0.175** (0.066) | −0.169* (0.066) | −0.170* (0.066) |
| Age 60–69 | −0.220** (0.071) | −0.216** (0.071) | −0.219** (0.071) | 0.239** (0.070) | 0.225** (0.070) | 0.231** (0.069) | 0.254** (0.069) | 0.242** (0.069) | 0.247** (0.069) | −0.182* (0.072) | −0.176* (0.072) | −0.180* (0.072) |
| Age 70+ | −0.393** (0.079) | −0.368** (0.079) | −0.372** (0.079) | 0.543** (0.077) | 0.508** (0.077) | 0.515** (0.077) | 0.625** (0.077) | 0.590** (0.077) | 0.597** (0.076) | −0.481** (0.080) | −0.457** (0.080) | −0.462** (0.080) |
| Years of schooling | −0.013 (0.010) | −0.015 (0.010) | −0.013 (0.010) | 0.008 (0.010) | 0.009 (0.010) | 0.007 (0.010) | 0.008 (0.010) | 0.009 (0.010) | 0.007 (0.010) | −0.001 (0.010) | −0.001 (0.010) | −0.000 (0.010) |
| Wealth second tertile | 0.173** (0.060) | 0.191** (0.059) | 0.179** (0.060) | −0.110† (0.058) | −0.138* (0.058) | −0.119* (0.058) | −0.020 (0.058) | −0.047 (0.058) | −0.029 (0.058) | 0.057 (0.060) | 0.074 (0.060) | 0.062 (0.060) |
| Wealth third tertile | 0.316** (0.073) | 0.320** (0.073) | 0.314** (0.073) | −0.122† (0.071) | −0.130† (0.071) | −0.120† (0.071) | −0.114 (0.071) | −0.120† (0.071) | −0.111 (0.071) | 0.127† (0.074) | 0.132† (0.074) | 0.128† (0.074) |
| Married | 0.125* (0.063) | 0.116† (0.063) | 0.120† (0.063) | −0.170** (0.062) | −0.153* (0.062) | −0.158* (0.061) | −0.166** (0.061) | −0.149* (0.061) | −0.154* (0.061) | 0.145* (0.064) | 0.136* (0.064) | 0.138* (0.064) |
| Balaka | 0.159* (0.065) | 0.166* (0.064) | 0.157* (0.065) | −0.185** (0.064) | −0.192** (0.063) | −0.184** (0.063) | −0.002 (0.063) | −0.009 (0.063) | 0.000 (0.063) | −0.128† (0.066) | −0.116† (0.065) | −0.128† (0.066) |
| Rumphi | −0.010 (0.066) | 0.002 (0.066) | −0.006 (0.066) | −0.100 (0.065) | −0.115† (0.065) | −0.105 (0.064) | 0.069 (0.064) | 0.053 (0.064) | 0.063 (0.064) | −0.263** (0.067) | −0.254** (0.067) | −0.262** (0.067) |
| Constant | 0.036 (0.094) | 0.020 (0.094) | 0.030 (0.094) | −0.074 (0.092) | −0.050 (0.092) | −0.067 (0.091) | −0.232* (0.091) | −0.226* (0.091) | −0.226* (0.091) | 0.226* (0.095) | 0.212* (0.095) | 0.221* (0.095) |
| Observations | 1,570 | 1,567 | 1,567 | 1,575 | 1,572 | 1,572 | 1,575 | 1,572 | 1,572 | 1,575 | 1,572 | 1,572 |
Notes: The table shows coefficients from linear regression models. The dependent variables are continuous measures. SF-12 mental is the 12-item short-form survey to provide a measure of mental health. Depression is measured with the PHQ-9 instrument that ranges from 0 to 27. Anxiety is measured with the GAD-7 instrument that ranges from 0 to 21. Finally, subjective well-being is measured with a 5-point Likert scale on life satisfaction. The reference categories are female, age <50 years, first tertile of the wealth distribution, single marital status (includes single, divorced, and widowed), and residing in Mchinji.
†p < .1, *p < .05, **p < .01.