Table 4.
Models Showing Association of Depression and Suicidal or Self-Harming Thoughts With Pain Severity and Duration
| At least mild depression | At least moderate depression | Suicidal or self-harming thoughts | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regressors | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) |
| Slight | 0.081* (0.038) | 0.080* (0.038) | 0.019 (0.026) | 0.018 (0.026) | 0.034 (0.022) | 0.034 (0.022) | |||
| Moderate | 0.169** (0.032) | 0.163** (0.033) | 0.053* (0.022) | 0.043* (0.022) | 0.053** (0.019) | 0.053** (0.019) | |||
| Severe | 0.207** (0.039) | 0.192** (0.041) | 0.076** (0.025) | 0.056* (0.026) | 0.047* (0.022) | 0.047* (0.023) | |||
| Disabling | 0.215** (0.031) | 0.198** (0.033) | 0.093** (0.020) | 0.076** (0.021) | 0.070** (0.018) | 0.066** (0.019) | |||
| Duration <1month | 0.159** (0.025) | 0.051** (0.017) | 0.053** (0.015) | ||||||
| Duration 2–3 months | 0.204** (0.050) | 0.017 (0.051) | 0.098** (0.029) | 0.036 (0.028) | 0.045 (0.028) | −0.012 (0.027) | |||
| Duration >3 months | 0.346** (0.069) | 0.155* (0.070) | 0.158** (0.035) | 0.090** (0.034) | 0.101** (0.031) | 0.040 (0.030) | |||
| Male | −0.073** (0.028) | −0.075** (0.028) | −0.073** (0.028) | −0.005 (0.019) | −0.006 (0.018) | −0.004 (0.018) | −0.036* (0.016) | −0.037* (0.016) | −0.036* (0.016) |
| Age 50–59 | 0.018 (0.031) | 0.012 (0.031) | 0.015 (0.031) | −0.035† (0.019) | −0.038* (0.019) | −0.036† (0.019) | −0.044* (0.017) | −0.046** (0.017) | −0.045** (0.017) |
| Age 60–69 | 0.125** (0.035) | 0.121** (0.035) | 0.123** (0.035) | 0.030 (0.023) | 0.027 (0.023) | 0.027 (0.023) | −0.009 (0.020) | −0.010 (0.021) | −0.009 (0.021) |
| Age 70+ | 0.237** (0.039) | 0.228** (0.039) | 0.230** (0.039) | 0.059* (0.027) | 0.049† (0.027) | 0.050† (0.027) | 0.013 (0.024) | 0.010 (0.024) | 0.011 (0.024) |
| Years of schooling | 0.003 (0.005) | 0.004 (0.005) | 0.003 (0.005) | 0.001 (0.003) | 0.001 (0.003) | 0.001 (0.003) | −0.004 (0.003) | −0.004 (0.003) | −0.004 (0.003) |
| Wealth second terile | −0.049† (0.029) | −0.058* (0.029) | −0.051† (0.029) | −0.035† (0.018) | −0.039* (0.018) | −0.038* (0.018) | −0.024 (0.015) | −0.024 (0.015) | −0.023 (0.015) |
| Wealth third tertile | −0.073* (0.035) | −0.075* (0.035) | −0.072* (0.035) | −0.037 (0.023) | −0.035 (0.023) | −0.034 (0.022) | 0.008 (0.019) | 0.009 (0.019) | 0.009 (0.019) |
| Married | −0.076* (0.030) | −0.071* (0.030) | −0.073* (0.030) | −0.060** (0.019) | −0.054** (0.019) | −0.055** (0.018) | −0.022 (0.016) | −0.020 (0.016) | −0.021 (0.016) |
| Balaka | −0.107** (0.031) | −0.110** (0.031) | −0.105** (0.031) | −0.033† (0.019) | −0.037† (0.019) | −0.034† (0.019) | −0.037* (0.017) | −0.039* (0.016) | −0.036* (0.017) |
| Rumphi | −0.043 (0.032) | −0.048 (0.032) | −0.043 (0.032) | −0.008 (0.022) | −0.012 (0.022) | −0.010 (0.022) | −0.024 (0.019) | −0.024 (0.019) | −0.022 (0.019) |
| Observations | 1575 | 1572 | 1572 | 1575 | 1572 | 1572 | 1575 | 1572 | 1572 |
Notes: The table shows average marginal effects from probit regressions. Dependent variables are based on the PHQ-9 instrument. At least mild depression refers to a PHQ-9 score of 5 or more while at least moderate depression to a score of 10 or more. Self-harming or suicidal thoughts refer to a response other than “not at all” to the final PHQ-9 question about suicide and self-harm. The reference categories are female, age <50 years, first tertile of the wealth distribution, single marital status (includes single, divorced, and widowed), and residing in Mchinji.
†p < .1, *p < .05, **p < .01.