Table 2.
Association of sociodemographic and economic factors with current smoking status (bidis and cigarettes) in the study population, including two waves of GATS, from univariate analysis
| Factors | Current bidi smoking | Current cigarette smoking | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current smoker n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p | Current smoker n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p | |
| Age (years), Mean ± SD | 45.5 ± 14.1 | 1.03 (1.028-1.031) | <0.001 | 40.1 ± 13.1 | 1.01 (1.004-1.007) | <0.001 |
| Residence | ||||||
| Rural | 7345 (10.5) | 1 | 2922 (4.0) | 1 | ||
| Urban | 2435 (5.2) | 0.47 (0.45-0.49) | <0.001 | 2736 (5.7) | 1.41 (1.33-1.49) | <0.001 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 798 (1.3) | 1 | 168 (0.3) | 1 | ||
| Male | 8982 (16.3) | 15.20 (14.12-16.36) | <0.001 | 5490 (9.6) | 40.12 (34.45-46.73) | <0.001 |
| Education level | ||||||
| No formal schooling | 3750 (11.9) | 9.38 (8.13-10.81) | <0.001 | 823 (2.5) | 0.41 (0.37-0.45) | <0.001 |
| Primary school completed | 3338 (12.6) | 10.76 (9.32-12.41) | <0.001 | 1425 (5.2) | 0.88 (0.81-0.96) | 0.005 |
| Secondary school completed | 2095 (6.2) | 4.82 (4.17-5.57) | <0.001 | 1995 (5.7) | 0.98 (0.90-1.07) | 0.632 |
| Higher secondary school completed | 370 (3.3) | 2.32 (1.95-2.75) | <0.001 | 604 (5.2) | 0.92 (0.82-1.02) | 0.108 |
| College and above completed | 196 (1.4) | 1 | 807 (5.8) | 1 | ||
| Work status | ||||||
| Government employee | 304 (6.1) | 1 | 545 (10.3) | 1 | ||
| Non-government employee | 3795 (13.2) | 2.74 (2.43-3.09) | <0.001 | 2114 (7.3) | 0.76 (0.69-0.84) | <0.001 |
| Self-employed | 4099 (15.6) | 3.18 (2.82-3.59) | <0.001 | 2282 (8.4) | 0.78 (0.71-0.86) | <0.001 |
| Student | 27 (0.3) | 0.05 (0.03-0.07) | <0.001 | 148 (1.6) | 0.15 (0.12-0.18) | <0.001 |
| Home maker | 658 (1.6) | 0.25 (0.22-0.29) | <0.001 | 205 (0.5) | 0.04 (0.04-0.05) | <0.001 |
| Retired | 271 (11.2) | 2.22 (1.87-2.63) | <0.001 | 150 (6.0) | 0.61 (0.50-0.73) | <0.001 |
| Unemployed | 617 (14.3) | 2.91 (2.52-3.35) | <0.001 | 212 (4.7) | 0.45 (0.38-0.53) | <0.001 |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||
| Lower | 3287 (13.0) | 6.23 (5.69-6.81) | <0.001 | 771 (3.0) | 0.51 (0.47-0.56) | <0.001 |
| Lower-middle | 2782 (11.4) | 5.79 (5.28-6.35) | <0.001 | 1042 (4.2) | 0.76 (0.70-0.83) | <0.001 |
| Middle | 1843 (8.6) | 4.15 (3.77-4.56) | <0.001 | 1216 (5.4) | 0.96 (0.89-1.04) | 0.360 |
| Middle-upper | 1294 (5.6) | 2.50 (2.26-2.76) | <0.001 | 1315 (5.5) | 0.99 (0.92-1.07) | 0.823 |
| Upper | 574 (2.5) | 1 | 1314 (5.5) | 1 | ||
| Smoking allowed in every room | ||||||
| No | 2406 (10.2) | 1 | 1684 (6.7) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 4321 (20.8) | 2.28 (2.16-2.41) | <0.001 | 1579 (7.1) | 1.07 (1.00-1.15) | 0.061 |
| Average retail price of 25 sticks of bidis | - | 0.96 (0.95-0.97) | <0.001 | |||
| Average retail price of ten cigarettes | - | 0.94 (0.94-0.95) | <0.001 | |||