Table 1. Comparison of the foot structure indices of the studied children.

Foot	Gender	$\overline{x}$± SD	Max–min	Q25	Me	Q75	Mann–Whitney U test
Foot length [cm]
Right	Girls	17.59 ± 0.84	19.30–15.80	17.00	17.50	18.00	Z =  − 0.64p = 0.519
	Boys	17.71 ± 0.91	19.80–15.90	17.00	17.70	18.50
Left	Girls	17.55 ± 0.82	19.30–15.80	17.00	17.50	18.00	Z =  − 0.95p = 0.341
	Boys	17.71 ± 0.91	19.80–15.90	17.00	17.70	18.50
Foot width [cm]
Right	Girls	6.82 ± 0.46	8.00–6.00	6.50	6.80	7.10	Z =  − 1.59p = 0.109
	Boys	6.96 ± 0.46	8.00–6.00	6.60	7.00	7.30
Left	Girls	6.82 ± 0.48	8.00–6.00	6.50	6.85	7.10	Z =  − 1.92p = 0.054
	Boys	7.00 ± 0.47	8.20–6.00	6.60	7.00	7.40
Clarke’s angle [°]
Right	Girls	37.48 ± 11.57	69.00–16.00	31.00	37.50	46.00	Z = 3.49p = 0.001*
	Boys	28.92 ± 11.08	47.00–6.00	20.00	30.00	37.00
Left	Girls	34.98 ± 11.31	58.00–10.00	27.00	35.50	43.00	Z = 3.56p < 0.001*
	Boys	26.32 ± 10.73	47.00–4.00	17.00	26.50	33.00
Heel angle γ [°]
Right	Girls	16.84 ± 2.10	20.00–13.00	15.00	17.00	19.00	Z =  − 0.69p = 0.484
	Boys	17.18 ± 1.79	21.00–14.00	16.00	17.00	18.00
Left	Girls	16.90 ± 2.10	22.00–13.00	15.00	16.50	19.00	Z =  − 0.52p = 0.602
	Boys	17.08 ± 1.85	20.00–14.00	16.00	17.00	18.00
Hallux valgus angle α [°]
Right	Girls	3.82 ± 3.75	12.00–0.00	0.00	4.00	7.00	Z = 0.12p = 0.904
	Boys	3.72 ± 3.73	12.00–0.00	0.00	3.50	6.00
Left	Girls	3.52 ± 3.83	13.00–0.00	0.00	2.00	7.00	Z =  − 0.92p = 0.353
	Boys	4.08 ± 3.42	11.00–0.00	0.00	4.00	7.00
The angle of the varus deformity of the Vth toe β [°]
Right	Girls	13.64 ± 6.35	25.00–0.00	9.00	15.00	19.00	Z = 0.00p = 0.997
	Boys	13.64 ± 5.63	24.00–0.00	11.00	14.00	17.00
Left	Girls	14.92 ± 4.94	25.00–0.00	12.00	15.00	20.00	Z = 1.13p = 0.259
	Boys	13.66 ± 5.10	22.00–0.00	11.00	13.50	17.00

Notes.

x

arithmetical mean value

SD

standard deviation

max

maximum value

min

minimum value

Q₂₅

lower quartile

Me

median

Q₇₅

upper quartile

Z

value of the Mann-Whitney U test statistic

p

probability value

^*α = 0.05.